{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096169958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2020.3034428","title":"A Partially Observable Markov-Decision-Process-Based Blackboard Architecture for Cognitive Agents in Partially Observable Environments","display_name":"A Partially Observable Markov-Decision-Process-Based Blackboard Architecture for Cognitive Agents in Partially Observable Environments","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096169958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2020.3034428","mag":"3096169958"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2020.3034428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2020.3034428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039699220","display_name":"H. Itoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-2408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177136067","display_name":"Saga University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f4wg107","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hideaki Itoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111377338","display_name":"Hidehiko Nakano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177136067","display_name":"Saga University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f4wg107","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hidehiko Nakano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","Hitachi Solutions West Japan, Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hitachi Solutions West Japan, Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000800365","display_name":"Ryota Tokushima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177136067","display_name":"Saga University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f4wg107","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryota Tokushima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","DPT Inc., Nagoya, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"DPT Inc., Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085812170","display_name":"Hisao Fukumoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-8410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177136067","display_name":"Saga University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f4wg107","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisao Fukumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062268590","display_name":"Hiroshi Wakuya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2988-1505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177136067","display_name":"Saga University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f4wg107","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Wakuya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039699220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177136067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1326,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55726797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"189","last_page":"204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.8935624957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8029395341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.789323091506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.7260624766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackboard","display_name":"Blackboard (design pattern)","score":0.6856993436813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackboard-system","display_name":"Blackboard system","score":0.6559901237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-architecture","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","score":0.49826574325561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4939621090888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.47775521874427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37289562821388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.35059964656829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34637051820755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.3254939913749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.27424073219299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.22181323170661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.11819925904273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11136525869369507}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.8935624957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8029395341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.789323091506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.7260624766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778308757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23601418","display_name":"Blackboard (design pattern)","level":2,"score":0.6856993436813354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157273737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753023","display_name":"Blackboard system","level":3,"score":0.6559901237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20854674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386060","display_name":"Cognitive architecture","level":3,"score":0.49826574325561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4939621090888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.47775521874427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37289562821388245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.35059964656829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34637051820755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.3254939913749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.27424073219299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.22181323170661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.11819925904273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11136525869369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2020.3034428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2020.3034428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1678442188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15K00341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7204384782","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19K12157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W419646410","https://openalex.org/W1485904603","https://openalex.org/W1503798456","https://openalex.org/W1573483709","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W1630678085","https://openalex.org/W1963612627","https://openalex.org/W1964150751","https://openalex.org/W1964470912","https://openalex.org/W1964571600","https://openalex.org/W1982328542","https://openalex.org/W1998992789","https://openalex.org/W2010780110","https://openalex.org/W2011418219","https://openalex.org/W2019751224","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2028962258","https://openalex.org/W2051768896","https://openalex.org/W2114120312","https://openalex.org/W2121616705","https://openalex.org/W2144913588","https://openalex.org/W2163445345","https://openalex.org/W2168359464","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2183865782","https://openalex.org/W2277639078","https://openalex.org/W2468562246","https://openalex.org/W2488240401","https://openalex.org/W2493842496","https://openalex.org/W2596585349","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2612956293","https://openalex.org/W2625921109","https://openalex.org/W2766943715","https://openalex.org/W2782495288","https://openalex.org/W2793066534","https://openalex.org/W2795496197","https://openalex.org/W2883445328","https://openalex.org/W2893357027","https://openalex.org/W2900694626","https://openalex.org/W2902907165","https://openalex.org/W2909772865","https://openalex.org/W2909922236","https://openalex.org/W2939040013","https://openalex.org/W2964163353","https://openalex.org/W2964347220","https://openalex.org/W2999767518","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3139377883","https://openalex.org/W4243493901","https://openalex.org/W4253011213","https://openalex.org/W6600231840","https://openalex.org/W6629017713","https://openalex.org/W6631841062","https://openalex.org/W6633657698","https://openalex.org/W6674866097","https://openalex.org/W6678541622","https://openalex.org/W6679613680","https://openalex.org/W6683078286","https://openalex.org/W6684973485","https://openalex.org/W6742007199","https://openalex.org/W6756486208","https://openalex.org/W6792155000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231402822","https://openalex.org/W2385023133","https://openalex.org/W2279528337","https://openalex.org/W2254498469","https://openalex.org/W2161257492","https://openalex.org/W4230931601","https://openalex.org/W2123085253","https://openalex.org/W2146750700","https://openalex.org/W4247061306","https://openalex.org/W4251918048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Partial":[0],"observability,":[1],"or":[2],"the":[3,11,57,71,76,83,88,111,119,122,125,129,132,138,148,152,158,171],"inability":[4],"of":[5,13,59,70,121,131],"an":[6],"agent":[7,89],"to":[8,38,94,146,165],"fully":[9],"observe":[10],"state":[12],"its":[14,96],"environment,":[15],"exists":[16],"in":[17,46,100,114,174],"many":[18],"real-world":[19],"problem":[20],"domains.":[21],"However,":[22],"most":[23,72],"cognitive":[24,53,74],"architectures":[25],"do":[26],"not":[27],"have":[28],"a":[29,35,51,106,143],"theoretical":[30],"foundation":[31],"that":[32,87],"allows":[33],"for":[34,110,151],"systematic":[36],"approach":[37],"handling":[39],"partial":[40],"observability.":[41],"To":[42],"address":[43],"this":[44,47],"issue,":[45],"article,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50,105],"novel":[52],"architecture":[54,113,173],"based":[55,156],"on":[56,68,157],"theory":[58],"partially":[60,101,159],"observable":[61,102,160],"Markov":[62],"decision":[63],"processes":[64],"(POMDPs).":[65],"We":[66,104,140,169],"focus":[67],"one":[69,116],"fundamental":[73],"architectures,":[75],"blackboard":[77,112,133],"architecture,":[78],"and":[79,124,134,177],"reformulate":[80],"it":[81],"using":[82],"POMDP":[84,108,154],"framework":[85],"so":[86],"can":[90],"automatically":[91],"decide":[92],"how":[93],"use":[95],"information":[97],"processing":[98],"modules":[99],"environments.":[103],"two-layer":[107,153],"model":[109,155],"which":[115],"layer":[117,127],"models":[118,128],"dynamics":[120,130],"environment":[123],"other":[126],"knowledge":[135],"sources":[136],"within":[137],"agent.":[139],"also":[141],"provide":[142],"planning":[144],"method":[145],"find":[147],"optimal":[149],"actions":[150],"upper":[161],"confidence":[162],"bounds":[163],"applied":[164],"trees":[166],"(PO-UCT)":[167],"algorithm.":[168],"validate":[170],"proposed":[172],"both":[175],"numerical":[176],"real-robot":[178],"experiments.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}