{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794517705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566","title":"Quantifying Gaze Behavior During Real-World Interactions Using Automated Object, Face, and Fixation Detection","display_name":"Quantifying Gaze Behavior During Real-World Interactions Using Automated Object, Face, and Fixation Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794517705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566","mag":"2794517705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081829595","display_name":"Leanne Chukoskie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-3646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leanne Chukoskie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007351641","display_name":"Shengyao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-1613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-1613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103108628","display_name":"Eric Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9780-4694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9780-4694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036935828","display_name":"Yalun Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5302-6516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalun Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100644704","display_name":"Qiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1870-5327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021500521","display_name":"Vivian Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivian Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025038445","display_name":"John Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047224927","display_name":"Nikhita Devgan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhita Devgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070982537","display_name":"Si Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4022-0852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068804724","display_name":"Pamela C. Cosman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-0176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela C. Cosman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-0176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2615,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87830048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"1143","last_page":"1152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11135","display_name":"Virology and Viral Diseases","score":0.9724000096321106,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.846565842628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8425247669219971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7251210808753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6613816618919373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5308336615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-tracking","display_name":"Video tracking","score":0.4931785464286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.47682470083236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4445219039916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.4195801317691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4115189015865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.3377583622932434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.846565842628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8425247669219971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7251210808753967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6613816618919373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5308336615562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202474056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931635","display_name":"Video tracking","level":3,"score":0.4931785464286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.47682470083236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4445219039916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.4195801317691803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4115189015865326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3377583622932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2018.2821566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt5tt7z1qp","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5tt7z1qp","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COGNITIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS, vol 10, iss 4","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7274313197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBE-0542013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8178006627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1522125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8901747001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21/R33 MH096967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9610585","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1592658141","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1845064849","https://openalex.org/W1932624639","https://openalex.org/W1965305672","https://openalex.org/W1970456555","https://openalex.org/W1990485410","https://openalex.org/W1991465039","https://openalex.org/W2022226511","https://openalex.org/W2022642890","https://openalex.org/W2062000228","https://openalex.org/W2082192160","https://openalex.org/W2096704400","https://openalex.org/W2116156727","https://openalex.org/W2118877769","https://openalex.org/W2122623425","https://openalex.org/W2130103520","https://openalex.org/W2133103244","https://openalex.org/W2141015095","https://openalex.org/W2150020283","https://openalex.org/W2151539518","https://openalex.org/W2153021534","https://openalex.org/W2341085541","https://openalex.org/W2404050358","https://openalex.org/W2548996524","https://openalex.org/W2755159844","https://openalex.org/W2756252215","https://openalex.org/W2964095005","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W6600393281","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6677548441","https://openalex.org/W6679388247","https://openalex.org/W6713054597"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W3207760378","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"technologies":[1],"develop":[2],"for":[3,21,69,114],"acquiring":[4],"gaze":[5,30],"behavior":[6,31],"in":[7],"real":[8],"world":[9],"social":[10],"settings,":[11],"robust":[12],"methods":[13],"are":[14,50],"needed":[15],"that":[16,49],"minimize":[17],"the":[18,56,108],"time":[19,102],"required":[20],"a":[22,33,39,85,92],"trained":[23,79],"observer":[24],"to":[25,52,88,98,117],"code":[26],"behaviors.":[27],"We":[28],"record":[29],"from":[32,62],"subject":[34],"wearing":[35],"eye-tracking":[36],"glasses":[37],"during":[38,55],"naturalistic":[40],"interaction":[41,64],"with":[42,46,95],"three":[43],"other":[44],"people,":[45],"multiple":[47],"objects":[48],"referred":[51],"or":[53],"manipulated":[54],"interaction.":[57],"The":[58,101],"resulting":[59],"gaze-in-world":[60],"video":[61],"each":[63],"can":[65],"be":[66],"manually":[67],"coded":[68],"different":[70],"behaviors,":[71],"but":[72],"this":[73],"is":[74,112,130],"extremely":[75],"time-consuming":[76],"and":[77,91,120],"requires":[78],"behavioral":[80],"coders.":[81],"Instead,":[82],"we":[83,121],"use":[84],"neural":[86],"network":[87],"detect":[89,99],"objects,":[90],"Viola-Jones":[93],"framework":[94],"feature":[96],"tracking":[97],"faces.":[100],"sequence":[103],"of":[104,124],"gazes":[105],"landing":[106],"within":[107],"object/face":[109],"bounding":[110],"boxes":[111],"processed":[113],"run":[115,125],"lengths":[116],"determine":[118],"\u201clooks,\u201d":[119],"discuss":[122],"optimization":[123],"length":[126],"parameters.":[127],"Algorithm":[128],"performance":[129],"compared":[131],"against":[132],"an":[133],"expert":[134],"holistic":[135],"ground":[136],"truth.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
