{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2738476489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2017.2731361","title":"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Emergence in Systems Applied to Symbol Emergence in Robots","display_name":"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Emergence in Systems Applied to Symbol Emergence in Robots","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2738476489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2017.2731361","mag":"2738476489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2017.2731361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2017.2731361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037146024","display_name":"Rick Sturdivant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-1414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96408169","display_name":"Azusa Pacific University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bmftj86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96408169"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick L. Sturdivant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering and Computer Science Department, Azusa Pacific University, Azsua, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-1414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering and Computer Science Department, Azusa Pacific University, Azsua, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96408169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070385137","display_name":"Edwin K. P. Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7622-4815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin K. P. Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and the Mathematics Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and the Mathematics Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5981,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76055097,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"1035","last_page":"1042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causation","display_name":"Causation","score":0.8438332080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7030633091926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reductionism","display_name":"Reductionism","score":0.6543705463409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.6133580207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5747812390327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5472419857978821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5165426135063171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbol","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","score":0.5151968598365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenon","display_name":"Phenomenon","score":0.5108420252799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.48674631118774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4662211239337921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4514268934726715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36515772342681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.33476316928863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1359516680240631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09988546371459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09686067700386047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.8438332080841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7030633091926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173366509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206829","display_name":"Reductionism","level":2,"score":0.6543705463409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6133580207824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5747812390327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5472419857978821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5165426135063171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.5151968598365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.5108420252799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.48674631118774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4662211239337921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4514268934726715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36515772342681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.33476316928863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1359516680240631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09988546371459961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09686067700386047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcds.2017.2731361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcds.2017.2731361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488537894","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","issn_l":"2379-8920","issn":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86159404","https://openalex.org/W228505724","https://openalex.org/W1496395723","https://openalex.org/W1568513494","https://openalex.org/W1586078594","https://openalex.org/W1672553456","https://openalex.org/W1979671873","https://openalex.org/W1985052748","https://openalex.org/W1998665553","https://openalex.org/W2028418738","https://openalex.org/W2028827077","https://openalex.org/W2037730640","https://openalex.org/W2037776905","https://openalex.org/W2040135606","https://openalex.org/W2043521483","https://openalex.org/W2058107586","https://openalex.org/W2065139135","https://openalex.org/W2068910950","https://openalex.org/W2089011450","https://openalex.org/W2092857298","https://openalex.org/W2093056731","https://openalex.org/W2099272284","https://openalex.org/W2107787644","https://openalex.org/W2150312211","https://openalex.org/W2156264138","https://openalex.org/W2160113294","https://openalex.org/W2171827458","https://openalex.org/W2191312089","https://openalex.org/W2220867547","https://openalex.org/W2394857842","https://openalex.org/W2488935154","https://openalex.org/W2542751016","https://openalex.org/W2553496799","https://openalex.org/W2556102462","https://openalex.org/W2996256129","https://openalex.org/W3022908752","https://openalex.org/W3121444341","https://openalex.org/W3139556383","https://openalex.org/W3141069541","https://openalex.org/W4231590641","https://openalex.org/W4242650087","https://openalex.org/W4246840991","https://openalex.org/W4247163601","https://openalex.org/W6603552754","https://openalex.org/W6608955400","https://openalex.org/W6636427193","https://openalex.org/W6637256948","https://openalex.org/W6722849972","https://openalex.org/W6772483583"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383592148","https://openalex.org/W2371744775","https://openalex.org/W2391894688","https://openalex.org/W2371178406","https://openalex.org/W4206461122","https://openalex.org/W4206533562","https://openalex.org/W2889309003","https://openalex.org/W2356353693","https://openalex.org/W1523423289","https://openalex.org/W35536814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,100],"conceptual":[1],"model":[2],"for":[3,19,73,105,124,143],"emergence":[4,36,47,84,95,107,145,153],"with":[5,85],"downward":[6,88,98,119],"causation":[7,65,89],"is":[8,31,41,66,103,146],"developed.":[9],"In":[10],"addition,":[11],"the":[12,44,112,126],"necessary":[13,127],"and":[14,57,61,86,92,116,128,151],"sufficient":[15,129],"conditions":[16,130],"are":[17,90,122],"identified":[18],"a":[20,27,50,70],"phenomenon":[21],"to":[22,34,48,68,77,131,148],"be":[23,69,78],"considered":[24,79],"emergent":[25,75,135],"in":[26,37,55,59,154],"complex":[28,149],"system.":[29],"It":[30],"then":[32],"applied":[33,147],"symbol":[35,152],"robots.":[38,155],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"motivated":[42],"by":[43],"usefulness":[45],"of":[46,53,83,114,118],"explain":[49],"wide":[51],"variety":[52],"phenomena":[54,76,136],"systems,":[56],"cognition":[58],"natural":[60],"artificial":[62],"creatures.":[63],"Downward":[64],"shown":[67,123],"critical":[71],"requirement":[72],"potentially":[74],"actually":[80,134],"emergent.":[81],"Models":[82],"without":[87],"described":[91],"how":[93],"weak":[94],"can":[96],"include":[97],"causation.":[99,120],"process":[101],"flow":[102],"developed":[104],"distinguishing":[106],"from":[108,137],"nonemergence":[109],"based":[110],"upon":[111],"application":[113],"reductionism":[115],"detection":[117],"Examples":[121],"applying":[125],"filter":[132],"out":[133],"nonemergent":[138],"ones.":[139],"Finally,":[140],"this":[141],"approach":[142],"detecting":[144],"projects":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
