{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161178723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3693275","title":"Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Robust Beamforming for HAP Downlink Communications","display_name":"Multimodal Large Language Model-Enabled Robust Beamforming for HAP Downlink Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161178723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3693275"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3693275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3693275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073527428","display_name":"Xiaoyu Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1354-0556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3388-2053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136165010","display_name":"Peng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9088-7589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9088-7589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124111398","display_name":"Guoquan Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoquan Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Unmanned System, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-2453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Unmanned System, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133478444","display_name":"Dingyi Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingyi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327587","display_name":"Zehui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen&#x2019;s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen&#x2019;s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136104455","display_name":"Xianbin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5042-7884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianbin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5042-7884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60803689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"8549","last_page":"8561"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.44670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.44670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.14249999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.11339999735355377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.303600013256073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8223999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6265000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986910011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Cellular radio","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3693275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3693275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"changes":[1,134],"in":[2,11,135],"high-altitude":[3],"platform":[4,62],"(HAP)":[5],"attitude":[6,96,138],"can":[7,131],"cause":[8],"significant":[9],"deviations":[10],"HAP":[12,19,40,59,137],"downlink":[13,20,41],"beam":[14,68,91],"directions,":[15],"thereby":[16],"severely":[17],"degrading":[18],"communication":[21],"performance.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,44,98],"develop":[27],"a":[28,46,106,113,145,152],"multimodal":[29],"large":[30],"language":[31],"model":[32],"(LLM)":[33],"enabled":[34],"beamforming":[35,108,142],"framework":[36],"to":[37,56,77,117],"achieve":[38],"robust":[39],"communications.":[42],"Specifically,":[43],"design":[45,71],"vision-language":[47],"LLM":[48],"(VL-LLM)":[49],"that":[50,127],"learns":[51],"from":[52],"multivariate":[53],"flight":[54],"telemetry":[55],"forecast":[57,82],"short-term":[58],"attitudes":[60],"under":[61],"shaking":[63],"and":[64,84,104,109,121,139,151,162,169],"support":[65],"delay-aware":[66],"proactive":[67,89],"steering.":[69,92],"We":[70],"an":[72],"offline":[73],"forecast-error":[74],"calibration":[75],"procedure":[76],"obtain":[78],"upper":[79],"bounds":[80],"on":[81,94],"errors":[83],"improve":[85],"the":[86,95,101,128,136,140],"reliability":[87],"of":[88],"analog":[90,102],"Based":[93],"forecasts,":[97],"proactively":[99],"update":[100],"beamformer":[103],"propose":[105],"QoS-driven":[107],"admission":[110],"method":[111,143],"with":[112],"lightweight":[114],"feasibility-enforcement":[115],"step":[116],"satisfy":[118],"instantaneous":[119],"transmit-power":[120],"QoS":[122],"requirements.":[123],"Simulation":[124],"results":[125],"indicate":[126],"designed":[129],"VL-LLM":[130],"accurately":[132],"capture":[133],"proposed":[141],"achieves":[144],"22.1%":[146],"higher":[147,154],"user":[148],"service":[149],"ratio":[150],"12.5%":[153],"sum-rate":[155],"than":[156],"representative":[157],"baselines.":[158],"The":[159],"measured":[160],"mean":[161],"p99":[163],"computational":[164],"latencies":[165],"are":[166],"36.24":[167],"ms":[168],"40.13":[170],"ms,":[171],"respectively,":[172],"supporting":[173],"low-latency":[174],"online":[175],"implementation.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T06:14:18.571774","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}
