{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154143177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3683207","title":"MILAFormer: A Multi-Stage Hybrid Deep Learning Architecture for Robust Radio Signal Modulation Recognition","display_name":"MILAFormer: A Multi-Stage Hybrid Deep Learning Architecture for Robust Radio Signal Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154143177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3683207"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3683207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3683207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7914-196X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7914-196X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yulin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9527-5392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9527-5392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133527826","display_name":"Yi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3421-3614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3421-3614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xudong Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3640-3018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3640-3018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communication Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085121250","display_name":"Guangxiao Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-5181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangxiao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6293-5181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071914915","display_name":"Ning Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-6908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-6908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daying Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4898-9167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55538621","display_name":"China Jiliang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v1y0t93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daying Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4898-9167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55538621"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42028195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"7574","last_page":"7588"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7075999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.35179999470710754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8105000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7075999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187107819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835696","display_name":"NASA Deep Space Network","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3683207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3683207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4382274092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501556","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6701862146","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025YW06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4554350417","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7004427609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4554350417","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2548159479","https://openalex.org/W2560119283","https://openalex.org/W2580817561","https://openalex.org/W2614873718","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2745737352","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2803445619","https://openalex.org/W2888848736","https://openalex.org/W2983220838","https://openalex.org/W3032977069","https://openalex.org/W3089040363","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3139049060","https://openalex.org/W3168231499","https://openalex.org/W3193052805","https://openalex.org/W4210557982","https://openalex.org/W4293195393","https://openalex.org/W4294151805","https://openalex.org/W4312262250","https://openalex.org/W4313007769","https://openalex.org/W4323338327","https://openalex.org/W4324290967","https://openalex.org/W4375869042","https://openalex.org/W4388979610","https://openalex.org/W4390665179","https://openalex.org/W4392449278","https://openalex.org/W4395113676","https://openalex.org/W4401070416","https://openalex.org/W4402351694","https://openalex.org/W4403123426","https://openalex.org/W4403674574","https://openalex.org/W4404057454","https://openalex.org/W4408233387","https://openalex.org/W4410086709","https://openalex.org/W4410294928","https://openalex.org/W4412352583","https://openalex.org/W4412646711","https://openalex.org/W4413822409","https://openalex.org/W4415795260","https://openalex.org/W4416429276","https://openalex.org/W4417252017"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"Modulation":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(AMR)":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,66,75,82,88,102,119,137],"crucial":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,47,183],"non-cooperative":[9],"wireless":[10,18],"communication":[11],"systems,":[12],"driving":[13],"the":[14,50,94,98,147,151,173],"advancement":[15],"of":[16,53,97,150,154,190],"future":[17],"networks.":[19],"Recently,":[20],"deep":[21,68],"learning\u2013based":[22],"AMR":[23],"(DL-AMR)":[24],"techniques":[25],"have":[26],"achieved":[27],"remarkable":[28],"progress,":[29],"showing":[30],"superior":[31],"accuracy":[32],"and":[33,56,114,128,136,157,168],"adaptability.":[34],"However,":[35],"under":[36],"low":[37],"signal-to-noise":[38],"ratio":[39],"(SNR)":[40],"conditions,":[41],"existing":[42,179],"networks":[43],"still":[44],"face":[45],"challenges":[46],"fully":[48],"exploiting":[49],"diverse":[51,152],"features":[52,130],"radio":[54,155,184],"signals":[55,156],"achieving":[57],"robust":[58,160],"performance.":[59,162],"To":[60],"address":[61],"these":[62],"limitations,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"hybrid":[67],"learning":[69],"framework":[70],"named":[71],"MILAFormer,":[72],"which":[73],"integrates":[74],"Mamba-inspired":[76,138],"linear":[77,139],"attention":[78,140],"(MILA)":[79,141],"mechanism":[80],"with":[81],"Transformer":[83,121],"module.":[84],"First,":[85],"MILAFormer":[86,175,191],"utilizes":[87],"data":[89],"preprocessing":[90],"module":[91,107,122],"to":[92,110,125,159],"strengthen":[93],"feature":[95,116],"representation":[96],"input":[99],"signals.":[100],"Subsequently,":[101],"Feature":[103],"Enhancement":[104],"Embedding":[105],"(FEE)":[106],"is":[108,123,192],"designed":[109],"improve":[111],"signal":[112,185],"quality":[113],"optimize":[115],"extraction.":[117],"Furthermore,":[118],"hierarchical":[120],"introduced":[124],"learn":[126],"local":[127],"global":[129],"from":[131],"embedded":[132],"tokens":[133],"through":[134],"convolution":[135],"mechanism.":[142],"These":[143],"components":[144],"together":[145],"facilitate":[146],"full":[148],"exploitation":[149],"characteristics":[153],"contribute":[158],"overall":[161],"Experimental":[163],"results":[164],"on":[165],"RadioML2016.10a,":[166],"RML22":[167],"HisarMod2019.1":[169],"datasets":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"that":[172],"proposed":[174],"model":[176],"significantly":[177],"outperforms":[178],"state-of-the-art":[180],"DL-AMR":[181],"methods":[182],"AMR.":[186],"The":[187],"code":[188],"implementation":[189],"available":[193],"at":[194],"https://github.com/stu-cjlu-sp/rsrc-for-pub/tree/main/MILAFormer.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T06:06:40.768181","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
