{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140076939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3676716","title":"Federated Split Learning With Non-IID Data: Convergence Analysis and Resource Allocation","display_name":"Federated Split Learning With Non-IID Data: Convergence Analysis and Resource Allocation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140076939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3676716"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3676716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3676716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094024150","display_name":"Huiqing Ao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6299-4844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huiqing Ao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124081732","display_name":"Hui Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042930332","display_name":"Wanli Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-2685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130352515","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094024150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85572769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"6870","last_page":"6885"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9034000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9034000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.03539999946951866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5999000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.49390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm-design","display_name":"Algorithm design","score":0.287200003862381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8572999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5999000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072483","display_name":"Channel allocation schemes","level":3,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200157131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854763","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","level":3,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3676716","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3676716","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"architectural":[2],"complexity":[3],"of":[4,14,20,41,94,101],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6,16],"models":[7],"poses":[8],"significant":[9],"obstacles":[10],"to":[11,58,139],"the":[12,39,86,92,107,127,179],"realization":[13],"pervasive":[15],"on":[17],"resource-constrained":[18,116],"Internet":[19],"Things":[21],"devices.":[22,83],"Federated":[23],"split":[24,98],"learning":[25,113],"(FSL)":[26],"has":[27],"emerged":[28],"as":[29],"a":[30,72,121,184],"promising":[31],"solution":[32],"that":[33,77,149],"enhances":[34],"training":[35,55,109,186],"efficiency":[36],"by":[37,90],"combining":[38],"benefits":[40],"model":[42,52,155],"splitting":[43],"and":[44,54,60,97,131,168,172],"parallel":[45],"computing.":[46],"However,":[47],"existing":[48],"FSL":[49,74],"encounters":[50],"degraded":[51],"performance":[53,114],"inefficiency":[56],"due":[57],"data":[59,95],"device":[61],"heterogeneity":[62,96],"in":[63,115],"wireless":[64,117],"networks.":[65,104],"To":[66,105],"address":[67],"these":[68],"issues,":[69],"we":[70,119,134],"propose":[71],"gradient-compensation":[73],"(GCFSL)":[75],"scheme":[76,152],"leverages":[78],"complementary":[79],"gradient":[80],"information":[81],"across":[82],"We":[84],"derive":[85],"convergence":[87,164],"upper":[88],"bound":[89],"considering":[91],"impact":[93],"layer":[99],"selection":[100],"deep":[102],"neural":[103],"minimize":[106],"long-term":[108,132],"latency":[110,187],"while":[111,161],"guaranteeing":[112],"networks,":[118],"formulate":[120],"two-timescale":[122],"optimization":[123,137],"problem.":[124],"By":[125],"decomposing":[126],"problem":[128],"into":[129],"short-term":[130],"subproblems,":[133],"design":[135],"iterative":[136],"algorithms":[138],"solve":[140],"them":[141],"with":[142,157,189],"low":[143,158,185],"computational":[144],"complexities.":[145],"Numerical":[146],"results":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"our":[150],"GCFSL":[151],"achieves":[153],"superior":[154],"accuracy":[156],"communication":[159],"overhead":[160],"attaining":[162],"fast":[163],"under":[165],"both":[166],"independent":[167],"identically":[169],"distributed":[170],"(IID)":[171],"non-IID":[173],"settings,":[174],"outperforming":[175],"state-of-the-art":[176],"benchmarks.":[177],"Moreover,":[178],"proposed":[180],"algorithm":[181],"can":[182],"achieve":[183],"compared":[188],"its":[190],"non-optimized":[191],"counterpart.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T06:11:35.319607","created_date":"2026-03-24T00:00:00"}
