{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131834151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3668835","title":"FedFold: Efficient Federated Learning for Inconsistent Dual Resource Heterogeneity","display_name":"FedFold: Efficient Federated Learning for Inconsistent Dual Resource Heterogeneity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131834151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3668835"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3668835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3668835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108679915","display_name":"Tzu-Hsuan Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tzu-Hsuan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7420-7324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127187553","display_name":"Chieh-Chi Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chieh-Chi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127141365","display_name":"Chih-Hsin Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Hsin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103432547","display_name":"C. Y. Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Wei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng-Hsien Hsieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Hsien Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067426723","display_name":"Ai\u2010Chun Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8275-2366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086894","display_name":"Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/000zgvm20","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086894","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ai-Chun Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8275-2366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086894"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108679915"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40695878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"6539","last_page":"6550"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.6644999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.6644999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.13199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.02759999968111515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.870199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3822999894618988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8924999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.870199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.7285000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6431000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95981142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772532","display_name":"Peering","level":3,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110994511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661020","display_name":"Next-generation network","level":3,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125599584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15057100","display_name":"Broadband networks","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779582901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21013010","display_name":"Distributed learning","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51332947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172305","display_name":"Shared resource","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2026.3668835","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2026.3668835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049304995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC114-2221-E-001-012-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8506349119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSTC112-2221-E-001-028-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,10,68,91,136,139,142],"continuous":[2],"evolution":[3],"of":[4,94],"6G":[5],"networks":[6],"and":[7,15,63,102,180,203,211,223],"edge":[8,35,166],"computing,":[9],"demand":[11],"for":[12,30],"intelligent,":[13],"secure,":[14],"efficient":[16],"distributed":[17],"learning":[18],"frameworks":[19,234],"is":[20],"growing.":[21],"Federated":[22,152],"Learning":[23],"(FL)":[24],"has":[25],"become":[26],"a":[27,40,105,108,119,155,170,197],"key":[28],"approach":[29],"privacy-preserving":[31],"model":[32,42,172,229],"training,":[33],"allowing":[34],"devices":[36,73],"to":[37,55,67,115,138,160,175,184,201,237],"collaboratively":[38],"train":[39],"global":[41],"without":[43],"exchanging":[44],"raw":[45],"data.":[46],"However,":[47],"real-world":[48],"FL":[49,157,233],"deployments":[50],"face":[51],"significant":[52],"challenges":[53],"due":[54],"system":[56],"heterogeneity.":[57],"Devices":[58],"vary":[59],"in":[60,164,239],"computational":[61,84],"power":[62],"network":[64,121],"conditions,":[65],"leading":[66],"straggler":[69,143],"effect,":[70],"where":[71],"weaker":[72],"slow":[74],"down":[75],"training":[76,178,221],"efficiency.":[77],"While":[78],"prior":[79],"works":[80],"have":[81],"addressed":[82],"either":[83],"or":[85],"communication":[86,103,186,224],"heterogeneity,":[87],"they":[88],"often":[89,134],"overlook":[90],"interdependent":[92],"nature":[93],"these":[95],"two":[96],"factors.":[97],"Inconsistent":[98],"capabilities":[99],"between":[100],"computation":[101],"introduce":[104],"cross-resource":[106],"bottleneck:":[107],"strong":[109],"processor":[110],"with":[111,122],"weak":[112],"bandwidth":[113],"leads":[114],"stalled":[116],"updates,":[117],"while":[118,226],"fast":[120],"limited":[123],"compute":[124],"yields":[125],"poor-quality":[126],"contributions.":[127],"Focusing":[128],"on":[129],"only":[130,193],"one":[131,194],"resource":[132,205],"dimension":[133],"pushes":[135],"bottleneck":[137,195],"other,":[140],"leaving":[141],"effect":[144],"unresolved.":[145],"To":[146],"address":[147,192],"this":[148],"issue,":[149],"we":[150],"propose":[151],"Folding":[153],"(FedFold),":[154],"novel":[156],"framework":[158],"designed":[159],"balance":[161],"dual-resource":[162],"efficiency":[163,240],"heterogeneous":[165],"environments.":[167],"FedFold":[168,199,218],"integrates":[169],"progressive":[171],"splitting":[173],"strategy":[174],"dynamically":[176],"distribute":[177],"loads":[179],"local":[181],"aggregation-based":[182],"compression":[183],"reduce":[185],"overhead.":[187],"Unlike":[188],"existing":[189],"methods":[190],"that":[191,217],"at":[196],"time,":[198],"adapts":[200],"inconsistent":[202],"dual":[204],"heterogeneity":[206],"among":[207],"clients,":[208],"ensuring":[209],"robust":[210],"scalable":[212],"learning.":[213],"The":[214],"experiments":[215],"demonstrate":[216],"significantly":[219],"reduces":[220],"time":[222],"costs":[225],"maintaining":[227],"high":[228],"accuracy,":[230],"outperforming":[231],"state-of-the-art":[232],"by":[235],"over":[236],"70%":[238],"improvements":[241],"under":[242],"non-IID":[243],"scenarios.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T06:45:51.903784","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}
