{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417438715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3645407","title":"Large Language Model-Empowered Energy-Efficient Multi-UAV-Assisted MEC Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"Large Language Model-Empowered Energy-Efficient Multi-UAV-Assisted MEC Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417438715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3645407"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3645407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3645407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012494963","display_name":"Ke Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5897-3962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053721942","display_name":"Sai Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5186-3362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006309429","display_name":"Yuanyuan Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3978-2455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Information and Communication Systems, Ministry of Information Industry, and the Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","Ministry of Information Industry, Key Laboratory of Information and Communication Systems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Information and Communication Systems, Ministry of Information Industry, and the Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Information Industry, Key Laboratory of Information and Communication Systems, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756528","display_name":"Weiwei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0953-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001714538","display_name":"Zhiyong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5322-222X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158522","display_name":"PLA Academy of Military Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05ct4s596","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","Academy of Military Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Military Sciences of PLA, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012494963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96290471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"5281","last_page":"5294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.7605999708175659,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.7605999708175659,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.03530000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.03099999949336052,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.3443000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8454999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780626000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936775","display_name":"Human-in-the-loop","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203274722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001161","display_name":"Network performance","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3645407","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3645407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G299826257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6967025605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7192150841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8129143660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62321001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2975894920","https://openalex.org/W2981078741","https://openalex.org/W3002033136","https://openalex.org/W3023434827","https://openalex.org/W3090573937","https://openalex.org/W3135702594","https://openalex.org/W3167138236","https://openalex.org/W3182677369","https://openalex.org/W3197958915","https://openalex.org/W4205295562","https://openalex.org/W4287889573","https://openalex.org/W4315783194","https://openalex.org/W4376455107","https://openalex.org/W4381327681","https://openalex.org/W4385696627","https://openalex.org/W4386432057","https://openalex.org/W4387885950","https://openalex.org/W4389104799","https://openalex.org/W4390691088","https://openalex.org/W4391387514","https://openalex.org/W4391547859","https://openalex.org/W4394629180","https://openalex.org/W4396691280","https://openalex.org/W4399666057","https://openalex.org/W4400356258","https://openalex.org/W4401246480","https://openalex.org/W4401943231","https://openalex.org/W4402352041","https://openalex.org/W4402473949","https://openalex.org/W4402773331","https://openalex.org/W4402811031","https://openalex.org/W4403182022","https://openalex.org/W4403182484","https://openalex.org/W4405826462","https://openalex.org/W4410358938","https://openalex.org/W4414463166"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,62,163],"artificial":[1],"general":[2],"intelligence":[3],"(AGI)":[4],"based":[5,73],"on":[6,74,192],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"(LLMs)":[10],"and":[11,23,52,87,161],"deep":[12,124],"reinforcement":[13],"learning":[14],"(DRL)":[15],"possesses":[16],"cross-domain":[17],"empowerment":[18],"capabilities,":[19],"offering":[20],"task":[21],"scheduling":[22],"resource":[24],"allocation":[25],"in":[26,83,101,111,143],"mobile":[27],"edge":[28],"computing":[29],"(MEC),":[30],"presenting":[31],"significant":[32],"potential.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"proposes":[36],"an":[37],"LLM-driven":[38,196],"DRL":[39,49,131,180,197],"framework":[40,68,98],"named":[41,135],"L2D2,":[42,96,134],"which":[43],"autonomously":[44],"generates":[45],"reward":[46,63,183],"functions":[47],"for":[48,80],"through":[50,57],"LLMs":[51],"enables":[53],"dynamic":[54],"model":[55],"optimization":[56],"a":[58,102,148],"self-refinement":[59],"loop":[60],"mechanism.":[61],"function":[64],"within":[65,133],"the":[66,71,78,93,97,112,130,136,168,186,193],"L2D2":[67],"can":[69],"adjust":[70],"strategy":[72],"environmental":[75],"feedback,":[76],"eliminating":[77],"need":[79],"manual":[81],"redesign":[82],"complex":[84],"low-altitude":[85,113],"scenarios":[86],"reducing":[88],"debugging":[89],"costs.":[90],"To":[91,139],"validate":[92],"performance":[94,194],"of":[95,188,195],"is":[99,127,151,198],"utilized":[100,128],"multi-unmanned":[103],"aerial":[104],"vehicle":[105],"(UAV)-assisted":[106],"MEC":[107],"heterogeneous":[108],"network":[109],"operating":[110],"airspace":[114],"to":[115,173,179],"enhance":[116],"system":[117,145],"energy":[118,146,176],"efficiency.":[119],"A":[120],"novel":[121],"dueling":[122],"double":[123],"Q-network":[125],"(D3QN)":[126],"as":[129],"method":[132],"L2D2-D3QN":[137,169],"algorithm.":[138],"evaluate":[140],"its":[141],"effectiveness":[142],"enhancing":[144],"efficiency,":[147],"comprehensive":[149],"comparison":[150],"conducted":[152],"across":[153],"various":[154],"LLMs,":[155],"including":[156],"Deepseek-R1,":[157],"GPT-4o,":[158],"Llama-3.1-70B,":[159],"Claude-3.7-Sonnet,":[160],"Qwen-2.5.":[162],"simulation":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"that":[167],"algorithm":[170],"achieves":[171],"up":[172],"56%":[174],"higher":[175],"efficiency":[177],"compared":[178],"with":[181],"human-designed":[182],"function.":[184],"Furthermore,":[185],"influence":[187],"LLM":[189],"tokenization":[190],"strategies":[191],"also":[199],"explored.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}
