{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417252010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3642815","title":"S3AT: Self-Paced, Self-Distilled, and Self-Finetuned Adversarial Training for Robust Automatic Modulation Recognition","display_name":"S3AT: Self-Paced, Self-Distilled, and Self-Finetuned Adversarial Training for Robust Automatic Modulation Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417252010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3642815"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3642815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3642815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067816529","display_name":"Wenyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-1839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-1839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056089765","display_name":"Lei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4716-1437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4716-1437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102778862","display_name":"Ziyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1997-7941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1997-7941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0083-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0083-2584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100628854","display_name":"Yufan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2064-7541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2064-7541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100621681","display_name":"Yuantao Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-1021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuantao Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-1021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87527369,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"4640","last_page":"4655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9164000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9164000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.0722000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6258999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.4828000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.37770000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9207000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8141999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6258999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6244999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.4828000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4715000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.3172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3642815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3642815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1636286740","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471486","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107561590","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2750432752","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2888024549","https://openalex.org/W2963636205","https://openalex.org/W2968867107","https://openalex.org/W3098755434","https://openalex.org/W3101503122","https://openalex.org/W3107235539","https://openalex.org/W3142849873","https://openalex.org/W3177850869","https://openalex.org/W3187458216","https://openalex.org/W3193513114","https://openalex.org/W3200744636","https://openalex.org/W3204279503","https://openalex.org/W3213282580","https://openalex.org/W4226409694","https://openalex.org/W4229333471","https://openalex.org/W4283208098","https://openalex.org/W4285238813","https://openalex.org/W4285246694","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4295308277","https://openalex.org/W4295308531","https://openalex.org/W4295308574","https://openalex.org/W4312300932","https://openalex.org/W4321770533","https://openalex.org/W4324291272","https://openalex.org/W4361801470","https://openalex.org/W4366957370","https://openalex.org/W4381300686","https://openalex.org/W4382464093","https://openalex.org/W4386565699","https://openalex.org/W4387196937","https://openalex.org/W4390096899","https://openalex.org/W4390691318","https://openalex.org/W4390956238","https://openalex.org/W4391248691","https://openalex.org/W4391407115","https://openalex.org/W4391547481","https://openalex.org/W4392449278","https://openalex.org/W4393153165","https://openalex.org/W4402586321","https://openalex.org/W4402627335","https://openalex.org/W4403674574","https://openalex.org/W4405270423","https://openalex.org/W4407315472","https://openalex.org/W4410027422"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning-based":[1],"automatic":[2],"modulation":[3],"recognition":[4,36],"(AMR)":[5],"models":[6],"are":[7],"highly":[8],"susceptible":[9],"to":[10,30,73,81,95],"adversarial":[11,14,40,50,71,125],"samples.":[12],"Although":[13],"training":[15,51,67,94],"offers":[16],"a":[17,64],"promising":[18],"defense,":[19],"most":[20],"existing":[21],"methods":[22,138],"rely":[23],"on":[24,128],"fixed-intensity":[25],"attacks":[26],"and":[27,58,99,118,130,142],"lack":[28],"mechanisms":[29],"maintain":[31],"stable":[32],"feature":[33,97],"representations,":[34],"limiting":[35],"performance":[37],"under":[38,139],"diverse":[39],"conditions.":[41],"To":[42],"address":[43],"these":[44],"issues,":[45],"we":[46],"propose":[47],"S3AT,":[48],"an":[49],"framework":[52],"that":[53,134],"integrates":[54],"Self-paced":[55],"learning,":[56],"Self-distillation,":[57],"Self-finetuning.":[59],"In":[60,105],"the":[61,75,106,116],"self-paced":[62],"phase,":[63,108],"progressive,":[65],"difficulty-aware":[66],"paradigm":[68],"adaptively":[69],"schedules":[70],"strength":[72],"help":[74],"model":[76],"gradually":[77],"adapt":[78],"from":[79],"weak":[80],"strong":[82],"attacks.":[83,126,144],"An":[84],"exponential":[85],"moving":[86],"average":[87],"(EMA)":[88],"teacher":[89],"provides":[90],"continuous":[91],"self-distillation":[92,117],"throughout":[93],"stabilize":[96],"learning":[98],"mitigate":[100],"forgetting":[101],"of":[102,124],"early":[103],"knowledge.":[104],"self-finetuning":[107],"historical":[109],"checkpoints":[110],"serve":[111],"as":[112],"auxiliary":[113],"teachers,":[114],"complementing":[115],"enhancing":[119],"robustness":[120],"across":[121],"varying":[122],"intensities":[123],"Experiments":[127],"public":[129],"self-collected":[131],"datasets":[132],"confirm":[133],"S3AT":[135],"outperforms":[136],"baseline":[137],"both":[140],"white-box":[141],"black-box":[143],"Its":[145],"compatibility":[146],"with":[147],"external":[148],"defenses":[149],"further":[150],"highlights":[151],"its":[152],"flexibility":[153],"for":[154],"real-world":[155],"electromagnetic":[156],"applications.":[157],"Code":[158],"is":[159],"available":[160],"at":[161],"https://gitee.com/wwenyuu/s3-at.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-15T23:16:33.117629","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}
