{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417131033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3641515","title":"Task Offloading and Position Optimization for Large-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks: A Mean Field Learning Approach","display_name":"Task Offloading and Position Optimization for Large-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks: A Mean Field Learning Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417131033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3641515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3641515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3641515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072963924","display_name":"Huixian Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4660-6465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huixian Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014340318","display_name":"Liqiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-6066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083599294","display_name":"Kai Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9431-9391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024123401","display_name":"Gan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8457-6477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011048761","display_name":"Kai\u2010Kit Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7521-0078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Kit Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079863632","display_name":"Chan\u2010Byoung Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-3341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chan-Byoung Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072963924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46831021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"4502","last_page":"4516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4092000126838684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7677000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.4668999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45159998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.37720000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3641515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3641515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10219522","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10219522/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking       (2025)     (In press).","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800305275","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2949476146","https://openalex.org/W2956717547","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2963060851","https://openalex.org/W2964018918","https://openalex.org/W2999225051","https://openalex.org/W3080106712","https://openalex.org/W3113682412","https://openalex.org/W3208125191","https://openalex.org/W4210616537","https://openalex.org/W4285192135","https://openalex.org/W4297964528","https://openalex.org/W4312731257","https://openalex.org/W4366503903","https://openalex.org/W4372353038","https://openalex.org/W4381050525","https://openalex.org/W4386883188","https://openalex.org/W4388505290","https://openalex.org/W4389252700","https://openalex.org/W4390224403","https://openalex.org/W4390604386","https://openalex.org/W4390659130","https://openalex.org/W4391559419","https://openalex.org/W4394966847","https://openalex.org/W4400488290","https://openalex.org/W4401246564","https://openalex.org/W4401379709","https://openalex.org/W4402742948","https://openalex.org/W4402809523","https://openalex.org/W4403182484","https://openalex.org/W4403677940","https://openalex.org/W4403721432","https://openalex.org/W4403918170","https://openalex.org/W4405219217","https://openalex.org/W4407638802","https://openalex.org/W4407691001","https://openalex.org/W4407900470","https://openalex.org/W4408183087","https://openalex.org/W4408941425","https://openalex.org/W4410771505","https://openalex.org/W4411336610","https://openalex.org/W4412170838"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicle":[2],"(UAV)":[3],"networks":[4],"have":[5],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,70,91],"promising":[8],"enablers":[9],"in":[10,224,232,238,245],"sixth":[11],"generation":[12],"(6G)":[13],"communication":[14],"system":[15],"because":[16],"they":[17],"can":[18,219],"support":[19],"delay-sensitive":[20],"and":[21,30,41,49,87,112,116,135,140,146,199,241],"energy-constrained":[22],"applications.":[23],"However,":[24],"the":[25,31,46,71,78,138,141,147,152,162,171,175,203,225],"limited":[26],"resources":[27],"of":[28,35,80,158,164,174,202,227],"UAVs":[29],"high":[32],"computational":[33],"complexity":[34],"traditional":[36,209],"methods":[37],"complicate":[38],"task":[39,47,85,246],"offloading":[40,48,86],"position":[42,50,89],"optimization.":[43],"At":[44],"scale,":[45],"optimization":[51],"decisions":[52],"yield":[53],"non-stationary":[54],"interactions":[55,153],"among":[56,154],"many":[57],"agents,":[58],"while":[59],"standard":[60],"multi-agent":[61],"deep":[62],"reinforcement":[63],"learning":[64],"(MADRL)":[65],"suffers":[66],"from":[67,180],"poor":[68],"scalability":[69],"joint":[72,84],"action":[73,134,169],"space":[74],"grows":[75],"exponentially":[76],"with":[77],"number":[79,157,226],"UAVs.":[81],"We":[82,119],"formulate":[83],"2D":[88],"control":[90],"a":[92,97,122,132,155,167,229,235,242],"Markov":[93],"game":[94],"that":[95,127,215],"minimizes":[96],"weighted":[98],"energy-delay":[99],"cost":[100],"per":[101],"UAV":[102,255],"under":[103,253],"practical":[104],"flight":[105],"constraints":[106],"(finite":[107],"horizontal":[108],"range,":[109],"collision":[110],"avoidance,":[111],"an":[113,193,221],"elevation-angle":[114],"limit)":[115],"resource":[117],"constraints.":[118],"then":[120],"develop":[121],"mean-field":[123],"actor-critic":[124],"(MFAC)":[125],"framework":[126],"aggregates":[128],"neighbors\u2019":[129],"influence":[130,163],"into":[131,166],"mean":[133,148,168],"conditions":[136],"both":[137],"actor":[139],"critic":[142,176],"on":[143],"local":[144],"observations":[145],"action.":[149],"By":[150],"approximating":[151],"large":[156],"agents":[159],"through":[160],"aggregating":[161],"others":[165],"representation,":[170],"input":[172],"dimensionality":[173],"part":[177],"is":[178],"reduced":[179],"<italic":[181,187,195],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[182,184,188,190,196],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">M</i>+<italic":[183],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">KP</i>":[185],"to":[186,208,249],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">M</i>+2<italic":[189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">P</i>,":[191],"yielding":[192],"approximately":[194],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">K</i>-fold":[197],"reduction":[198,223,231,237,244],"becoming":[200],"independent":[201],"agent":[204],"population":[205],"size":[206],"compared":[207,248],"MADRL":[210],"methods.":[211],"Numerical":[212],"results":[213],"demonstrate":[214],"our":[216],"proposed":[217],"algorithm":[218],"achieve":[220],"80%":[222],"episodes,":[228],"70%":[230],"training":[233],"time,":[234],"38%":[236],"energy":[239],"consumption":[240],"28%":[243],"delay":[247],"state-of-the-art":[250],"approaches,":[251],"particularly":[252],"large-scale":[254],"deployment":[256],"scenarios.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}