{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412107010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3586868","title":"MADQN-Enhanced Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation for 6G Low-Altitude Economy Vehicular Networks","display_name":"MADQN-Enhanced Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation for 6G Low-Altitude Economy Vehicular Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412107010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3586868"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3586868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3586868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015873448","display_name":"Bintao Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-0448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bintao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things and the Institute for Low Altitude Innovation, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","School of Internet of Things, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-0448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things and the Institute for Low Altitude Innovation, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001822062","display_name":"Hengyan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1237-8177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengyan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of AI and Advanced Computing, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030092282","display_name":"Jianbo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, School of Communications and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","School of Communications and Information Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-4942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, School of Communications and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050222424","display_name":"Miguel L\u00f3pez\u2010Ben\u00edtez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0526-6687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel L\u00f3pez-Ben\u00edtez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0526-6687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046333931","display_name":"Celimuge Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6853-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20529979","display_name":"University of Electro-Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/02x73b849","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celimuge Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta-Networking Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6853-5878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta-Networking Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20529979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069850104","display_name":"Xiaoli Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.12,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99633475,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"2603","last_page":"2617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9345999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7795231342315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6223824620246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5115305185317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.48107242584228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4343172013759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3556813597679138}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7795231342315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6223824620246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5115305185317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.48107242584228516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4343172013759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3556813597679138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3586868","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3586868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1580992242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210369167","https://openalex.org/W4221058981","https://openalex.org/W4280527333","https://openalex.org/W4283713103","https://openalex.org/W4286298182","https://openalex.org/W4316661322","https://openalex.org/W4376481074","https://openalex.org/W4385285629","https://openalex.org/W4386025821","https://openalex.org/W4386511263","https://openalex.org/W4388119593","https://openalex.org/W4388692666","https://openalex.org/W4389960968","https://openalex.org/W4393371881","https://openalex.org/W4400188371","https://openalex.org/W4400277766","https://openalex.org/W4400904839","https://openalex.org/W4401016949","https://openalex.org/W4402217167","https://openalex.org/W4402265864","https://openalex.org/W4402450498","https://openalex.org/W4402653818","https://openalex.org/W4402742948","https://openalex.org/W4402811113","https://openalex.org/W4403095032","https://openalex.org/W4404035400","https://openalex.org/W4405987867","https://openalex.org/W4406266758","https://openalex.org/W4407354584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923452570","https://openalex.org/W206598027","https://openalex.org/W2978610750","https://openalex.org/W2022931285","https://openalex.org/W1589966275","https://openalex.org/W2086872282","https://openalex.org/W2137789903","https://openalex.org/W2138781885","https://openalex.org/W4315630413","https://openalex.org/W2153007255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Air-to-ground":[0],"communication":[1,15],"networks":[2,7],"in":[3,102,193],"future":[4],"sixth-generation":[5],"(6G)":[6],"are":[8],"expected":[9],"to":[10,17,114,121],"leverage":[11],"integrated":[12],"sensing":[13],"and":[14,64,100,136,155,177,199],"(ISAC)":[16],"support":[18],"the":[19,53,69,91,123,132,137,143,152,156,166,191,196,200],"low-altitude":[20],"economy":[21],"(LAE).":[22],"In":[23],"such":[24],"networks,":[25],"a":[26,81,103,115,172],"set":[27],"of":[28,57,140,158,195,206],"unmanned":[29],"aerial":[30],"vehicles":[31],"(UAVs)":[32],"acting":[33],"as":[34],"mobile":[35],"edge":[36],"computing":[37],"(MEC)":[38],"servers":[39],"cooperatively":[40],"process":[41],"delay-sensitive":[42,112],"tasks":[43],"offloaded":[44],"by":[45],"multiple":[46],"authorised":[47],"vehicular":[48,88],"user":[49],"equipments":[50],"(V-UEs).":[51],"However,":[52],"diverse,":[54],"stringent":[55],"requirements":[56],"ISAC-enabled":[58],"V-UE":[59,108],"services":[60],"require":[61],"more":[62],"intelligent":[63],"efficient":[65],"resource":[66,145,159],"allocation":[67,146,157,179],"for":[68,161],"LAE-aided":[70],"vehicle-to-everything":[71],"(V2X)":[72],"communications":[73],"systems.":[74],"To":[75,164],"address":[76],"this":[77],"issue,":[78],"we":[79,170],"propose":[80,171],"digital":[82],"twin":[83],"(DT)-empowered":[84],"multi-agent":[85],"LAE":[86],"MEC":[87,117,150],"framework,":[89],"where":[90],"DT":[92],"technology":[93],"enables":[94],"real-time":[95],"data":[96],"collection,":[97],"processing,":[98],"monitoring,":[99],"optimisation":[101,168],"virtual":[104],"environment.":[105],"Meanwhile,":[106],"each":[107,148],"may":[109,130],"offload":[110],"its":[111],"task":[113,133],"UAV-assisted":[116,149],"server.":[118],"We":[119],"aim":[120],"minimise":[122],"long-term":[124,201],"average":[125,202],"total":[126,203],"service":[127,204],"delay":[128,135,205],"(which":[129],"include":[131],"processing":[134],"transmission":[138,153],"delay)":[139],"all":[141,162,207],"V-UEs,":[142],"computation":[144],"at":[147],"server,":[151],"power,":[154],"blocks":[160],"V-UEs.":[163,208],"solve":[165],"joint":[167],"problem,":[169],"Multi-agent":[173],"deep":[174],"Q-network-based":[175],"Offloading":[176],"Resource":[178],"Optimisation":[180],"(MORO)":[181],"algorithm.":[182],"Simulation":[183],"results":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"that":[186],"our":[187],"proposed":[188],"algorithm":[189],"outperforms":[190],"benchmarks":[192],"terms":[194],"convergence":[197],"rate":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}