{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410086694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3567094","title":"Deep Q-Learning-Driven Frequency Prism Beamforming With Delay-Adjustable IRS in LEO Satellite Networks","display_name":"Deep Q-Learning-Driven Frequency Prism Beamforming With Delay-Adjustable IRS in LEO Satellite Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410086694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3567094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3567094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3567094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106953532","display_name":"Shuta Sekimori","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuta Sekimori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001340993","display_name":"Hiroaki Hashida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroaki Hashida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-6796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101772913","display_name":"Yuichi Kawamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5290-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Kawamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5290-6520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013311265","display_name":"Nei Kato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nei Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056090755","display_name":"Kohei Yoshida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kohei Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Network Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2166-585X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Network Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048533663","display_name":"Masayuki Ariyoshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347220","display_name":"NEC (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/04jndar25","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masayuki Ariyoshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Network Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Network Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347220"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96202787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"714","last_page":"727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7820835709571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7504338026046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6276149153709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.49528661370277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4333551526069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07398241758346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.06332537531852722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7820835709571838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7504338026046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6276149153709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.49528661370277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4333551526069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07398241758346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.06332537531852722}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2025.3567094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2025.3567094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136687807","https://openalex.org/W2803143260","https://openalex.org/W2887800667","https://openalex.org/W2902258889","https://openalex.org/W2907595871","https://openalex.org/W2963332680","https://openalex.org/W3004020120","https://openalex.org/W3008131863","https://openalex.org/W3021587675","https://openalex.org/W3081681433","https://openalex.org/W3089706104","https://openalex.org/W3103408716","https://openalex.org/W3112022397","https://openalex.org/W3112931381","https://openalex.org/W3113220062","https://openalex.org/W3156097243","https://openalex.org/W3159340208","https://openalex.org/W3161106501","https://openalex.org/W3200312993","https://openalex.org/W3211531747","https://openalex.org/W3216029979","https://openalex.org/W4214874129","https://openalex.org/W4288391473","https://openalex.org/W4297964528","https://openalex.org/W4386473164","https://openalex.org/W4387449539","https://openalex.org/W4387681921","https://openalex.org/W4389960977","https://openalex.org/W4390818793","https://openalex.org/W4400277573","https://openalex.org/W4402830225","https://openalex.org/W4404307196","https://openalex.org/W4406793984","https://openalex.org/W4408519601"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2028190576","https://openalex.org/W4385750381","https://openalex.org/W1836774208","https://openalex.org/W4206958678","https://openalex.org/W2373343648","https://openalex.org/W64102529","https://openalex.org/W2350659615","https://openalex.org/W4241763859"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3],"advanced":[4],"strategy":[5],"for":[6,18,103],"optimizing":[7],"multibeam":[8,29,46],"formation":[9,47],"and":[10,65,118,139,153,165],"time":[11],"allocation":[12],"to":[13,111,162],"meet":[14],"the":[15,68,97,113,119,126,134,146],"growing":[16],"demand":[17],"low-Earth":[19],"orbit":[20],"(LEO)":[21],"satellite":[22,156],"communications":[23],"while":[24],"reducing":[25,163],"communication":[26,78,121,137,157,168],"latency.":[27,79],"Traditional":[28],"formations,":[30],"constrained":[31],"by":[32],"transmission":[33],"power":[34],"limitations,":[35],"exhibit":[36],"insufficient":[37],"scalability.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"this,":[41],"we":[42],"introduce":[43],"a":[44,84,90,108],"frequency-prism-based":[45],"approach":[48,71,160],"using":[49],"delay-adjustable":[50],"intelligent":[51],"reflecting":[52],"surfaces":[53],"(DA-IRS)":[54],"equipped":[55],"with":[56],"integrated":[57],"delay":[58,135],"elements.":[59],"By":[60],"dynamically":[61],"controlling":[62],"phase":[63],"shifts":[64],"delays":[66],"within":[67],"DA-IRS,":[69],"this":[70,95,124],"enables":[72],"efficient":[73],"resource":[74],"allocation,":[75],"effectively":[76],"minimizing":[77],"The":[80,159],"proposed":[81,147],"solution":[82],"uses":[83],"control":[85,116,152],"optimization":[86],"method":[87,148],"based":[88],"on":[89],"deep":[91],"Q-network":[92],"(DQN).":[93],"In":[94],"framework,":[96],"network":[98,110],"operation":[99],"center":[100],"(NOC),":[101],"responsible":[102],"managing":[104],"multiple":[105],"satellites,":[106],"trains":[107],"neural":[109],"model":[112],"relationship":[114],"between":[115,136],"schedules":[117],"associated":[120],"delays.":[122],"Using":[123],"model,":[125],"NOC":[127],"can":[128],"make":[129],"decisions":[130],"that":[131,145],"significantly":[132],"reduce":[133],"requests":[138],"their":[140],"completion.":[141],"Simulation":[142],"results":[143],"confirm":[144],"outperforms":[149],"traditional":[150],"single-beam":[151],"enhances":[154],"LEO":[155],"performance.":[158],"contributes":[161],"latency":[164],"addressing":[166],"future":[167],"demands,":[169],"supporting":[170],"advancements":[171],"toward":[172],"6G":[173],"non-terrestrial":[174],"networks.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}