{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392449615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3373589","title":"A Scalable Algorithm for User Grouping in LEO-MEO-HEO Hybrid Very High Throughput Satellite Constellations","display_name":"A Scalable Algorithm for User Grouping in LEO-MEO-HEO Hybrid Very High Throughput Satellite Constellations","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392449615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3373589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2024.3373589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3373589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110851232","display_name":"Nils Pachler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nils Pachler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009000070","display_name":"Edward F. Crawley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-1512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward F. Crawley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063754319","display_name":"Bruce Cameron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1868-6325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46020346","display_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/00a1rzv11","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46020346"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce G. Cameron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110851232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46020346","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9893,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95842177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"1511","last_page":"1524"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8362715244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6972875595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6495916247367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.5768024921417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5153505206108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.5057847499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-broadcasting","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","score":0.49534931778907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.46909913420677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4396681785583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19528785347938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1525106132030487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8362715244293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6972875595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6495916247367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.5768024921417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5153505206108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.5057847499847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986254709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209588","display_name":"Satellite broadcasting","level":3,"score":0.49534931778907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46909913420677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4396681785583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19528785347938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1525106132030487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2024.3373589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3373589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3269101420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LCF/BQ/EU21/11890113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312058","funder_display_name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312058","display_name":"\u201cla Caixa\u201d Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03zhx9h04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543180643","https://openalex.org/W1602659199","https://openalex.org/W2255974528","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2766345455","https://openalex.org/W2807314065","https://openalex.org/W2885033069","https://openalex.org/W2968835712","https://openalex.org/W2979421229","https://openalex.org/W2982286025","https://openalex.org/W3129917612","https://openalex.org/W3132688051","https://openalex.org/W3138140877","https://openalex.org/W3153686696","https://openalex.org/W3171582963","https://openalex.org/W3178636644","https://openalex.org/W3184924368","https://openalex.org/W3185544203","https://openalex.org/W3198367413","https://openalex.org/W4223568641","https://openalex.org/W4235504050","https://openalex.org/W4288073556","https://openalex.org/W4292261867","https://openalex.org/W4295413948","https://openalex.org/W4302593078","https://openalex.org/W4320029368","https://openalex.org/W4385413490","https://openalex.org/W4386230941","https://openalex.org/W4387871014","https://openalex.org/W6799299247","https://openalex.org/W6875957747"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W171734839","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W4225291832","https://openalex.org/W3209202847","https://openalex.org/W4392153104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite":[0],"communications":[1],"are":[2,109],"transforming":[3],"the":[4,30,50,55,61,124,149,152,161],"when":[5],"and":[6,54,69,76,92,137,151],"how":[7],"people":[8],"can":[9,164],"access":[10],"broadband":[11],"Internet,":[12],"enabling":[13],"connectivity":[14,26],"in":[15,86,169,189],"markets":[16],"unreachable":[17],"by":[18,121],"terrestrial":[19],"networks,":[20],"such":[21,48],"as":[22,49,131,155],"isolated":[23],"regions":[24],"or":[25],"on-the-go.":[27],"Part":[28],"of":[29],"new":[31,62],"architectures\u2019":[32],"success":[33],"relies":[34],"on":[35],"intricate":[36],"hybrid":[37,107,129],"constellation":[38,95],"designs":[39],"that":[40,160],"combine":[41],"multiple":[42],"orbital":[43],"shells":[44],"at":[45],"different":[46],"altitudes,":[47],"SpaceX":[51,150],"4-shell":[52],"LEO":[53],"Boeing":[56,153],"10-shell":[57],"LEO-MEO-HEO":[58],"constellations.":[59],"Under":[60],"systems,":[63],"satellite":[64,90,191],"operators":[65],"will":[66],"need":[67],"automated":[68],"scalable":[70,141],"mechanisms":[71],"able":[72],"to":[73,88,111,117,176,194],"efficiently":[74],"group":[75],"distribute":[77],"individual":[78],"customers":[79],"across":[80],"satellites":[81],"(the":[82],"User":[83,125],"Grouping":[84,126],"problem)":[85],"order":[87],"maximize":[89],"utilization":[91],"achieve":[93],"increased":[94],"capacity.":[96],"While":[97],"previous":[98],"studies":[99],"propose":[100],"methods":[101,195],"for":[102,106,128,144,172,196],"single-altitude":[103,197],"designs,":[104],"algorithms":[105],"systems":[108],"yet":[110],"be":[112],"developed.":[113],"This":[114],"work":[115,158],"aims":[116],"breach":[118],"this":[119,157],"gap":[120],"1)":[122],"formulating":[123],"problem":[127],"constellations":[130,154],"a":[132,140,185],"Mixed":[133],"Integer":[134],"Linear":[135],"problem,":[136],"2)":[138],"developing":[139],"methodology":[142],"tailored":[143],"high-dimensional":[145],"scenarios.":[146],"By":[147],"using":[148],"examples,":[156],"demonstrates":[159],"proposed":[162],"approach":[163],"provide":[165],"high":[166],"quality":[167],"solutions":[168],"feasible":[170],"time":[171],"scenarios":[173],"with":[174,184],"up":[175],"100,000":[177],"customers,":[178],"which":[179],"represents":[180],"realistic":[181],"operational":[182],"conditions,":[183],"minimum":[186],"77%":[187],"reduction":[188],"maximum":[190],"load":[192],"compared":[193],"designs.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}