{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391528203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3362325","title":"TMLAA for Automatic Harmonic Beam Steering Toward User-Defined Direction Using Black Hole Mechanics Optimization","display_name":"TMLAA for Automatic Harmonic Beam Steering Toward User-Defined Direction Using Black Hole Mechanics Optimization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391528203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3362325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2024.3362325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3362325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000246289","display_name":"Gopi Ram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-9925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121750182","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Warangal","ror":"https://ror.org/017ebfz38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gopi Ram","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2243-9925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121750182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016524175","display_name":"Durbadal Mandal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-6534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Durbadal Mandal","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-6534","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1646,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83876221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"4","first_page":"1386","last_page":"1397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.6285920143127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonics","display_name":"Harmonics","score":0.5533777475357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5396288633346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5079908967018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic","display_name":"Harmonic","score":0.48609447479248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.4765080511569977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.44713351130485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4193209707736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.37261757254600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.36162275075912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.31113675236701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.3103044033050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16873398423194885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.6285920143127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.5533777475357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5396288633346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5079908967018127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.48609447479248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.4765080511569977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.44713351130485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4193209707736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37261757254600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.36162275075912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.31113675236701965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.3103044033050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16873398423194885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2024.3362325","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2024.3362325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574567355","https://openalex.org/W1965201738","https://openalex.org/W1977001306","https://openalex.org/W1981371890","https://openalex.org/W1982018137","https://openalex.org/W1983803598","https://openalex.org/W1990031792","https://openalex.org/W2003236209","https://openalex.org/W2013846278","https://openalex.org/W2021179524","https://openalex.org/W2023243589","https://openalex.org/W2026455048","https://openalex.org/W2033631794","https://openalex.org/W2037551452","https://openalex.org/W2051128523","https://openalex.org/W2055035297","https://openalex.org/W2056811412","https://openalex.org/W2073948907","https://openalex.org/W2089074999","https://openalex.org/W2104258024","https://openalex.org/W2106279275","https://openalex.org/W2117521946","https://openalex.org/W2118324041","https://openalex.org/W2118984344","https://openalex.org/W2122806537","https://openalex.org/W2124683136","https://openalex.org/W2124700742","https://openalex.org/W2125074686","https://openalex.org/W2132784346","https://openalex.org/W2138839718","https://openalex.org/W2148041867","https://openalex.org/W2148227117","https://openalex.org/W2149825219","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2153441899","https://openalex.org/W2155678742","https://openalex.org/W2166478826","https://openalex.org/W2166840709","https://openalex.org/W2167075640","https://openalex.org/W2267214159","https://openalex.org/W2323226294","https://openalex.org/W2770647174","https://openalex.org/W2797855141","https://openalex.org/W3042373675","https://openalex.org/W3118531725","https://openalex.org/W3171418623","https://openalex.org/W4298143613","https://openalex.org/W4321770333","https://openalex.org/W7014092424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1579696083","https://openalex.org/W94697941","https://openalex.org/W1974392290","https://openalex.org/W4206226528","https://openalex.org/W2131300395","https://openalex.org/W2367352519","https://openalex.org/W2537185385","https://openalex.org/W2004163324","https://openalex.org/W2258541532","https://openalex.org/W3103566292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"electronic":[1],"beam":[2,7,41,58,91,98,167],"steering":[3,42,162],"of":[4,9,20,59,108,143,156,164,168,174,227,239],"the":[5,10,17,36,56,60,90,96,102,123,136,144,154,161,165,181,189,219,224,237,240],"harmonic":[6,40,61,166,170,194],"pattern":[8,63],"time-modulated":[11],"linear":[12],"antenna":[13],"array":[14,107,173],"(TMLAA)":[15],"towards":[16,64],"user-defined":[18,67,198],"Direction":[19],"Arrival":[21],"(DOA)":[22],"is":[23,33,52,120,133,177,213],"proposed":[24,182],"in":[25,39,43,69,215,233],"this":[26,157,216],"work.":[27,183],"Black":[28],"Hole":[29],"Mechanics":[30],"Optimization":[31],"(BHMO)":[32],"applied":[34],"for":[35,231,243,248],"first":[37,190],"time":[38,146],"TMLAA.":[44],"A":[45],"novel":[46],"and":[47,116,151,192],"unique":[48],"fitness":[49,130],"evaluation":[50],"function":[51,131],"designed":[53,129],"to":[54,76,84,88,139,179,235],"steer":[55,89],"main":[57],"radiation":[62],"any":[65,169],"given":[66],"DOA":[68],"an":[70,206],"elevation":[71],"plane":[72],"ranging":[73],"from":[74,95,218,223],"-700":[75],"+700.":[77],"The":[78,128,148,184,200],"harmonics":[79],"or":[80],"sidebands":[81],"generated":[82],"due":[83],"time-modulation":[85],"are":[86,195],"used":[87],"into":[92],"either":[93],"direction":[94],"fundamental":[97],"simultaneously.":[99],"To":[100],"illustrate":[101],"asserted":[103],"idea,":[104],"a":[105,228],"broadside":[106],"16-element":[109,175,229],"TMLAA":[110,176,230],"with":[111,122],"uniform":[112,117],"current":[113],"excitation":[114],"amplitudes":[115],"inter-element":[118],"spacing":[119],"considered":[121,178],"optimized":[124,134],"ON-OFF":[125,145],"switching":[126,142],"sequences.":[127],"(FF)":[132],"using":[135],"BHMO":[137],"algorithm":[138],"obtain":[140],"optimal":[141],"sequence.":[147],"statistical":[149],"analysis":[150],"results":[152,186,221],"demonstrate":[153],"effectiveness":[155],"approach,":[158],"which":[159],"shows":[160],"capabilities":[163],"number.":[171],"An":[172],"validate":[180],"simulation":[185],"show":[187],"that":[188],"positive":[191],"negative":[193],"steered":[196],"at":[197],"DOA.":[199],"Bit":[201],"Error":[202],"Rate":[203],"(BER)":[204],"over":[205],"additive":[207],"white":[208],"Gaussian":[209],"noise":[210],"(AWGN)":[211],"channel":[212],"computed":[214],"context":[217],"numerical":[220],"obtained":[222],"far-field":[225],"beams":[226],"(0,-300,300)":[232],"order":[234],"highlight":[236],"suitability":[238],"suggested":[241],"TMLA":[242],"digital":[244,249],"communication":[245],"purposes,":[246],"specifically":[247],"phase":[250],"shift":[251],"keying":[252],"(PSK)":[253],"modulation.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}