{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382998810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2023.3291366","title":"Distributed-Proof-of-Sense: Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms for Detecting Spectrum Access Violations of the Radio Spectrum","display_name":"Distributed-Proof-of-Sense: Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms for Detecting Spectrum Access Violations of the Radio Spectrum","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382998810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2023.3291366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2023.3291366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2023.3291366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubirfiles/114594163/107981891.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091835650","display_name":"Pramitha Fernando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-0571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramitha Fernando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6127-0571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089154585","display_name":"Keshawa Dadallage","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128559575","display_name":"University of Ruhuna","ror":"https://ror.org/033jvzr14","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keshawa Dadallage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080607818","display_name":"Tharindu Gamage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-7795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128559575","display_name":"University of Ruhuna","ror":"https://ror.org/033jvzr14","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tharindu Gamage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-7795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092389554","display_name":"Chathura Seneviratne","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128559575","display_name":"University of Ruhuna","ror":"https://ror.org/033jvzr14","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chathura Seneviratne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4159-1313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128559575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011861898","display_name":"An Braeken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-915X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Braeken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-915X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064035420","display_name":"Arjuna Madanayake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-6702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjuna Madanayake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3478-6702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068169019","display_name":"Madhusanka Liyanage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhusanka Liyanage","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-030X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9875,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96951762,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"1110","last_page":"1125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.830824613571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6892855763435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5749947428703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5135817527770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.471269816160202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4377063810825348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.42691320180892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elgamal-encryption","display_name":"ElGamal encryption","score":0.4247421622276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4164345860481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.41576728224754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33885395526885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.33520036935806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1956002116203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.17387127876281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.12621137499809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.12345382571220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11131212115287781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.830824613571167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6892855763435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5749947428703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5135817527770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.471269816160202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4377063810825348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.42691320180892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11045955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162410","display_name":"ElGamal encryption","level":4,"score":0.4247421622276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4164345860481262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.41576728224754333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33885395526885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.33520036935806274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1956002116203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.17387127876281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.12621137499809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.12345382571220398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11131212115287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2023.3291366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2023.3291366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:171118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/distributedproofofsense-blockchain-consensus-mechanisms-for-detecting-spectrum-access-violations-of-the-radio-spectrum(11d06f0b-9861-4897-ae83-2c906b383c96).html","pdf_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubirfiles/114594163/107981891.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:8386782","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCCN.2023.3291366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vubissmart:VUBISSMART:2000:171118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubir/distributedproofofsense-blockchain-consensus-mechanisms-for-detecting-spectrum-access-violations-of-the-radio-spectrum(11d06f0b-9861-4897-ae83-2c906b383c96).html","pdf_url":"https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubirfiles/114594163/107981891.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402573","display_name":"VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G264021278","display_name":"CONNECT_Phase 2","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382998810.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382998810.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W2029338549","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2094755917","https://openalex.org/W2095708839","https://openalex.org/W2102094731","https://openalex.org/W2114579022","https://openalex.org/W2408417311","https://openalex.org/W2592655479","https://openalex.org/W2623080722","https://openalex.org/W2789022255","https://openalex.org/W2792035477","https://openalex.org/W2907930484","https://openalex.org/W2913091928","https://openalex.org/W2918214275","https://openalex.org/W2947400732","https://openalex.org/W2962970031","https://openalex.org/W2963709128","https://openalex.org/W2963921766","https://openalex.org/W2969687764","https://openalex.org/W2974835633","https://openalex.org/W2976008907","https://openalex.org/W2982145123","https://openalex.org/W2982588466","https://openalex.org/W2997618319","https://openalex.org/W3022813153","https://openalex.org/W3042279443","https://openalex.org/W3045528481","https://openalex.org/W3047279638","https://openalex.org/W3048089570","https://openalex.org/W3091778097","https://openalex.org/W3135101338","https://openalex.org/W3173246182","https://openalex.org/W3173508715","https://openalex.org/W3188636145","https://openalex.org/W3200139635","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4315474347","https://openalex.org/W6682904396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2884819388","https://openalex.org/W1993515019","https://openalex.org/W2363815311","https://openalex.org/W2223135139","https://openalex.org/W4387407403","https://openalex.org/W2896571552","https://openalex.org/W1592518911","https://openalex.org/W2490995873","https://openalex.org/W2235903869","https://openalex.org/W4230295800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110],"exponential":[1],"growth":[2],"in":[3,48,77,82,165],"connected":[4],"devices":[5],"with":[6],"Internet-of-Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"and":[9,16,30,41,61,106,160],"next-generation":[10],"wireless":[11],"networks":[12,50],"requires":[13],"more":[14],"advanced":[15],"dynamic":[17],"spectrum":[18,66,108,119,129],"access":[19,70],"mechanisms.":[20],"Blockchain-based":[21],"approaches":[22],"to":[23,33,53,57,71,103,117,123,152,168],"Dynamic":[24],"Spectrum":[25],"Access":[26],"(DSA)":[27],"seem":[28],"efficient":[29],"robust":[31],"due":[32,56],"their":[34],"inherited":[35],"characteristics":[36],"such":[37],"as":[38,141],"decentralization,":[39],"immutability,":[40],"transparency.":[42],"However,":[43],"conventional":[44],"consensus":[45,94,112,158,163],"mechanisms":[46],"used":[47,55,140],"blockchain":[49,115],"are":[51],"expensive":[52],"be":[54],"the":[58,72,83,124,142,145,154,157,170,174],"cost,":[59],"processing,":[60],"energy":[62],"constraints.":[63],"Moreover,":[64],"addressing":[65],"violations":[67],"(i.e.,":[68],"unauthorized":[69],"spectrum)":[73],"is":[74,100,139],"not":[75],"well-discussed":[76],"most":[78],"blockchain-based":[79],"DSA":[80,105],"systems":[81],"literature.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"work,":[87],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"a":[90,127,166],"newly":[91],"tailored":[92],"energy-efficient":[93],"mechanism":[95,159],"called":[96],"\u201cDistributed-Proof-of-Sense":[97],"(DPoS)\u201d":[98],"that":[99],"specially":[101],"designed":[102],"enable":[104],"detect":[107],"violations.":[109],"proposed":[111,146,175],"algorithm":[113],"motivates":[114],"miners":[116],"perform":[118],"sensing,":[120],"which":[121],"leads":[122],"collection":[125],"of":[126,130,144,156,172],"full":[128],"sensing":[131],"data.":[132],"An":[133],"elliptic":[134],"curve":[135],"cryptography-based":[136],"zero-knowledge":[137],"proof":[138],"core":[143],"mechanism.":[147],"We":[148],"use":[149],"MATLAB":[150],"simulations":[151],"analyze":[153],"performance":[155],"implement":[161],"several":[162],"algorithms":[164],"microprocessor":[167],"highlight":[169],"benefits":[171],"adopting":[173],"system.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}