{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209917053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3124523","title":"Directivity in RF Sensor Networks for Widespread Spectrum Monitoring","display_name":"Directivity in RF Sensor Networks for Widespread Spectrum Monitoring","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209917053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3124523","mag":"3209917053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3124523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3124523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088427492","display_name":"Nikolaus Kleber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-9642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306686416","display_name":"RTX (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0354t7b78","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaus Kleber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","EWS, Raytheon Technologies RIS, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4433-9642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EWS, Raytheon Technologies RIS, Fort Wayne, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306686416"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003896287","display_name":"Martin Haenggi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-0607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Haenggi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-0607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038390620","display_name":"Jonathan Chisum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0304-9742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan D. Chisum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0304-9742","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010290636","display_name":"Bertrand M. Hochwald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9178-782X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand Hochwald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076363259","display_name":"J. Nicholas Laneman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Nicholas Laneman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66227284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"778","last_page":"792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamwidth","display_name":"Beamwidth","score":0.7883592247962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6816436052322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.667248010635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.6420623660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directivity","display_name":"Directivity","score":0.5436903238296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-emitter","display_name":"Common emitter","score":0.4426221549510956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.44050100445747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39180129766464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34623169898986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.340973436832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.3147641122341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29081130027770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14813381433486938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190060920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876232","display_name":"Beamwidth","level":3,"score":0.7883592247962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6816436052322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.667248010635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.6420623660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189039984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8225412","display_name":"Directivity","level":3,"score":0.5436903238296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.4426221549510956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.44050100445747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39180129766464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34623169898986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.340973436832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.3147641122341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29081130027770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14813381433486938}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3124523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3124523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1816041206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIP 14-39682","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3297962549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-16-2-0140","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W262301205","https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W1506119847","https://openalex.org/W1547425928","https://openalex.org/W1611562685","https://openalex.org/W1842248190","https://openalex.org/W1940956353","https://openalex.org/W2001044108","https://openalex.org/W2009244389","https://openalex.org/W2022734232","https://openalex.org/W2024114933","https://openalex.org/W2039282619","https://openalex.org/W2044049786","https://openalex.org/W2083294747","https://openalex.org/W2091005538","https://openalex.org/W2093189287","https://openalex.org/W2096683573","https://openalex.org/W2101840010","https://openalex.org/W2110099156","https://openalex.org/W2119792344","https://openalex.org/W2141572461","https://openalex.org/W2148091649","https://openalex.org/W2149039144","https://openalex.org/W2163807729","https://openalex.org/W2207064437","https://openalex.org/W2219971014","https://openalex.org/W2483379357","https://openalex.org/W2505036611","https://openalex.org/W2532525004","https://openalex.org/W2546625419","https://openalex.org/W2588917688","https://openalex.org/W2605049359","https://openalex.org/W2605196291","https://openalex.org/W2612613354","https://openalex.org/W2613153835","https://openalex.org/W2753549816","https://openalex.org/W2763254198","https://openalex.org/W2763396707","https://openalex.org/W2791430318","https://openalex.org/W2807133510","https://openalex.org/W2900117361","https://openalex.org/W2985849463","https://openalex.org/W3004994478","https://openalex.org/W3006775050","https://openalex.org/W3036758272","https://openalex.org/W3200181316","https://openalex.org/W4240853087","https://openalex.org/W4248288458","https://openalex.org/W4254039914","https://openalex.org/W6609807756","https://openalex.org/W6800771127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087159119","https://openalex.org/W3133309669","https://openalex.org/W1965454646","https://openalex.org/W2117393648","https://openalex.org/W2000500168","https://openalex.org/W2085753518","https://openalex.org/W2917896244","https://openalex.org/W2153353843","https://openalex.org/W2944474572","https://openalex.org/W4288358369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Widespread":[0],"RF":[1,29],"spectrum":[2,9],"monitoring":[3],"could":[4],"enable":[5],"data-driven":[6],"modeling":[7],"of":[8,56,96,114,147,155,189],"usage,":[10],"enhance":[11],"spectral":[12],"utilization,":[13],"and":[14,47,93,98,103,150,173,184],"help":[15],"automate":[16],"policy":[17],"enforcement.":[18],"Previous":[19],"works":[20],"in":[21,164],"wireless":[22],"sensor":[23,65,79,125,161,166,179],"networks":[24],"offer":[25],"design":[26],"insights":[27],"for":[28,44,85],"sensors,":[30],"but":[31],"they":[32],"assume":[33],"emitters":[34,97],"that":[35,77,108,130,175],"radiate":[36],"omnidirectionally.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"develops":[40],"a":[41,78,82,86,110,141,170,182,198],"new":[42],"framework":[43],"directional":[45],"sensors":[46,99,132,190],"emitters,":[48,138],"which":[49],"are":[50],"increasingly":[51],"common":[52],"with":[53,100,109],"the":[54,75,94,117,122,145,152,177,187,192],"growth":[55],"millimeter":[57],"wave":[58],"technologies.":[59],"We":[60,127],"focus":[61],"on":[62,144],"two-dimensional":[63],"random":[64,101],"deployments":[66],"modeled":[67],"as":[68],"Poisson":[69],"point":[70],"processes.":[71],"Specifically,":[72],"we":[73,139,168],"determine":[74],"probability":[76,146,195],"network":[80],"detects":[81],"single":[83],"emitter":[84,118],"channel":[87],"model":[88],"including":[89],"path":[90,111],"loss,":[91],"fading,":[92],"directivity":[95],"orientations":[102],"locations.":[104],"Our":[105],"results":[106,163],"suggest":[107],"loss":[112],"exponent":[113],"4,":[115],"quartering":[116],"half-power":[119],"beamwidth":[120],"doubles":[121],"required":[123],"average":[124,153],"density.":[126],"also":[128],"conclude":[129],"omnidirectional":[131],"optimize":[133],"detection":[134,149,194],"probability.":[135],"For":[136],"multiple":[137],"develop":[140],"lower":[142],"bound":[143],"multi-emitter":[148],"find":[151],"number":[154],"undetected":[156],"emitters.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"assuming":[159],"higher":[160,165],"quality":[162],"cost,":[167],"consider":[169],"fixed-budget":[171],"deployment":[172],"observe":[174],"decreasing":[176],"individual":[178],"cost":[180],"by":[181,196],"decade":[183],"therefore":[185],"increasing":[186],"quantity":[188],"reduces":[191],"missed":[193],"about":[197],"decade.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}