{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205905181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3120996","title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Distributed Dynamic Spectrum Access","display_name":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Distributed Dynamic Spectrum Access","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205905181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3120996","mag":"3205905181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3120996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3120996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101692211","display_name":"Hasan Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Albinsaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-1839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071647281","display_name":"Keshav Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-4518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keshav Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9028-4518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060019234","display_name":"Sudip Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-3864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089896","display_name":"Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati","ror":"https://ror.org/00bb9ch64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089896"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudip Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089896"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075166866","display_name":"Chih\u2013Peng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-0921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142974352","display_name":"National Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjawt10","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Peng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-0921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Communications Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142974352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92110595,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"1174","last_page":"1185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8603973388671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8456768989562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/licensee","display_name":"Licensee","score":0.719011127948761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6030783653259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5669190287590027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4769512712955475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.47192999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4550850987434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4508483409881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.417377233505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14538386464118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.12911173701286316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8603973388671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8456768989562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779057293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6543058","display_name":"Licensee","level":3,"score":0.719011127948761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6030783653259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5669190287590027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4769512712955475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.47192999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4550850987434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4508483409881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.417377233505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14538386464118958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.12911173701286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3120996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3120996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531725372","https://openalex.org/W2014635047","https://openalex.org/W2406349003","https://openalex.org/W2522489477","https://openalex.org/W2585648289","https://openalex.org/W2612336410","https://openalex.org/W2756144809","https://openalex.org/W2766845249","https://openalex.org/W2769494446","https://openalex.org/W2773580354","https://openalex.org/W2808299021","https://openalex.org/W2839188019","https://openalex.org/W2888898780","https://openalex.org/W2890375627","https://openalex.org/W2897098321","https://openalex.org/W2958746411","https://openalex.org/W2962847657","https://openalex.org/W2963079995","https://openalex.org/W2963625099","https://openalex.org/W2964036701","https://openalex.org/W2981587265","https://openalex.org/W3008343234","https://openalex.org/W3040093522","https://openalex.org/W3047643355","https://openalex.org/W3088084782","https://openalex.org/W3100247915","https://openalex.org/W3104820830","https://openalex.org/W3111071811","https://openalex.org/W3133881815","https://openalex.org/W3169776651","https://openalex.org/W3189329782","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4297516824","https://openalex.org/W6748839928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374881757","https://openalex.org/W2359348595","https://openalex.org/W2902108039","https://openalex.org/W1989159976","https://openalex.org/W3100665757","https://openalex.org/W2151856167","https://openalex.org/W4238145901","https://openalex.org/W2392726592","https://openalex.org/W1505847826","https://openalex.org/W4363603936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0],"spectrum":[1,13,76,186],"access":[2],"(DSA)":[3],"is":[4,135],"an":[5],"effective":[6],"solution":[7],"for":[8,183,194,209],"efficiently":[9],"utilizing":[10],"the":[11,30,37,47,63,71,74,115,119,130,136,142,147,172,178,185,192,201,204,210,222],"radio":[12,75],"by":[14,140],"sharing":[15,72],"it":[16],"among":[17],"various":[18,152],"networks.":[19],"Two":[20],"primary":[21],"tasks":[22,52],"of":[23,32,34,65,73,146,221],"a":[24,57,66,91,102,188,195],"DSA":[25,59,104,148,197,223],"controller":[26,68,198],"are:":[27],"1)":[28],"maximizing":[29],"quality":[31],"service":[33],"users":[35],"in":[36,44,56,89,97,118,187],"licensee\u2019s":[38],"network":[39,60,92,125,174],"and":[40,79,129,165,219],"2)":[41],"avoiding":[42],"interference":[43,202],"communications":[45],"towards":[46,203],"incumbent":[48],"network.":[49,224],"These":[50],"two":[51],"become":[53,94],"quite":[54],"challenging":[55],"distributed":[58,103,189],"due":[61],"to":[62,69,84,176,199,215],"lack":[64],"centralized":[67],"regulate":[70],"between":[77],"incumbents":[78],"licensees.":[80],"Hence,":[81],"optimization-driven":[82],"techniques":[83],"design":[85],"power":[86,180],"allocation":[87,181],"schemes":[88],"such":[90],"often":[93],"intractable.":[95],"Accordingly,":[96],"this":[98],"paper,":[99],"we":[100,150],"present":[101],"based":[105,108],"communication":[106],"framework":[107],"on":[109],"multi-agent":[110],"reinforcement":[111],"learning":[112],"(RL),":[113],"where":[114],"multiple":[116],"cells":[117],"multi-user":[120],"multiple-input":[121],"multiple-output":[122],"(MU-MIMO)":[123],"licensee":[124,173],"act":[126],"as":[127],"agents,":[128],"average":[131],"signal-to-noise":[132],"ratio":[133],"value":[134],"reward.":[137],"In":[138],"particular,":[139],"considering":[141],"physical":[143],"layer":[144],"parameters":[145],"network,":[149],"analyze":[151],"RL":[153],"algorithms,":[154],"namely":[155],"Q-learning,":[156],"deep":[157,160,168],"Q-network":[158],"(DQN),":[159],"deterministic":[161,169],"policy":[162],"gradient":[163],"(DDPG),":[164],"twin":[166],"delayed":[167],"(TD3),":[170],"whereby":[171],"learns":[175],"obtain":[177],"optimal":[179],"policies":[182],"accessing":[184],"fashion":[190],"without":[191],"need":[193],"central":[196],"manage":[200],"incumbent.":[205],"Trade-offs":[206],"are":[207],"identified":[208],"considered":[211],"algorithms":[212],"with":[213],"respect":[214],"performance,":[216],"time":[217],"complexity":[218],"scalability":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}