{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205184492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","title":"Active Learning for Network Traffic Classification: A Technical Study","display_name":"Active Learning for Network Traffic Classification: A Technical Study","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205184492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","mag":"3205184492"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6687307/9729919/09566310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6687307/9729919/09566310.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074194994","display_name":"Amin Shahraki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-9968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amin Shahraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Systems Division, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Systems Division, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055009495","display_name":"Mahmoud Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-8284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171543936","display_name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","ror":"https://ror.org/012ajp527","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081026876","display_name":"Amir Taherkordi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1672-054X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Taherkordi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022546955","display_name":"Anca Delia Jurcut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-1823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anca Delia Jurcut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074194994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7181,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9730744,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"422","last_page":"439"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7824546098709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.6888213157653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.6648501753807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6419674158096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.5594447255134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5182021260261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.512673020362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.48290109634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.470355749130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43906983733177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43823903799057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4350394606590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4183214008808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41021764278411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3721829354763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.31450027227401733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7824546098709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.6888213157653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.6648501753807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6419674158096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.5594447255134583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5182021260261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.512673020362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.48290109634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.470355749130249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43906983733177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43823903799057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4350394606590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4183214008808136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41021764278411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3721829354763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.31450027227401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6687307/9729919/09566310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.06933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.06933","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06933","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-647536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-647536.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IIS","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/416057","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/416057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3119062","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6687307/9729919/09566310.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320858","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205184492.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3205184492.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":135,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491410911","https://openalex.org/W1549658602","https://openalex.org/W1577499353","https://openalex.org/W1693085440","https://openalex.org/W1831066781","https://openalex.org/W1965857701","https://openalex.org/W1978633512","https://openalex.org/W1982039810","https://openalex.org/W1990165991","https://openalex.org/W1994956399","https://openalex.org/W2008955157","https://openalex.org/W2033368661","https://openalex.org/W2055130908","https://openalex.org/W2062401262","https://openalex.org/W2067760738","https://openalex.org/W2068128885","https://openalex.org/W2086288008","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2119942913","https://openalex.org/W2124651849","https://openalex.org/W2141766660","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2151596305","https://openalex.org/W2157349061","https://openalex.org/W2157447183","https://openalex.org/W2161464185","https://openalex.org/W2167122806","https://openalex.org/W2171671120","https://openalex.org/W2181102586","https://openalex.org/W2185323257","https://openalex.org/W2262342046","https://openalex.org/W2285924575","https://openalex.org/W2295321789","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2407536635","https://openalex.org/W2463836193","https://openalex.org/W2469987047","https://openalex.org/W2557716486","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2595697910","https://openalex.org/W2599823825","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2726539084","https://openalex.org/W2742275837","https://openalex.org/W2747144285","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2759858748","https://openalex.org/W2762176006","https://openalex.org/W2762390651","https://openalex.org/W2765623246","https://openalex.org/W2783034914","https://openalex.org/W2783099387","https://openalex.org/W2783741806","https://openalex.org/W2784007211","https://openalex.org/W2784280494","https://openalex.org/W2787505794","https://openalex.org/W2800666469","https://openalex.org/W2807731816","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2885618505","https://openalex.org/W2895867838","https://openalex.org/W2897202622","https://openalex.org/W2897765576","https://openalex.org/W2900853407","https://openalex.org/W2901675550","https://openalex.org/W2901692813","https://openalex.org/W2902471021","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2904326537","https://openalex.org/W2912213068","https://openalex.org/W2914973938","https://openalex.org/W2915019010","https://openalex.org/W2915905517","https://openalex.org/W2924689635","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2933589034","https://openalex.org/W2942239200","https://openalex.org/W2943467239","https://openalex.org/W2944545627","https://openalex.org/W2946081518","https://openalex.org/W2949522309","https://openalex.org/W2949899225","https://openalex.org/W2950863887","https://openalex.org/W2954633544","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W2957326599","https://openalex.org/W2973396270","https://openalex.org/W2973744207","https://openalex.org/W2982426954","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2995589933","https://openalex.org/W2996980851","https://openalex.org/W2999472659","https://openalex.org/W3001065717","https://openalex.org/W3003718173","https://openalex.org/W3005919018","https://openalex.org/W3009005808","https://openalex.org/W3009141121","https://openalex.org/W3010612350","https://openalex.org/W3015308630","https://openalex.org/W3015490648","https://openalex.org/W3016926230","https://openalex.org/W3039673966","https://openalex.org/W3042565595","https://openalex.org/W3048520001","https://openalex.org/W3102506065","https://openalex.org/W3103168224","https://openalex.org/W3103656239","https://openalex.org/W3107803931","https://openalex.org/W3127161477","https://openalex.org/W3129726290","https://openalex.org/W3130073992","https://openalex.org/W3133665626","https://openalex.org/W3159355564","https://openalex.org/W3165559974","https://openalex.org/W3205626500","https://openalex.org/W4206724648","https://openalex.org/W4253461361","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4255738146","https://openalex.org/W4292152088","https://openalex.org/W4309585540","https://openalex.org/W4381425880","https://openalex.org/W6629197634","https://openalex.org/W6680401832","https://openalex.org/W6682291466","https://openalex.org/W6683278628","https://openalex.org/W6686604339","https://openalex.org/W6741753795","https://openalex.org/W6756615331","https://openalex.org/W6757578793","https://openalex.org/W6775949041","https://openalex.org/W6793503443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893779165","https://openalex.org/W2017432143","https://openalex.org/W1973694374","https://openalex.org/W2983574358","https://openalex.org/W4287966854","https://openalex.org/W2179036394","https://openalex.org/W32109103","https://openalex.org/W2171634548","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2086288008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Traffic":[1],"Classification":[2],"(NTC)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"an":[6,70,105],"important":[7],"feature":[8],"in":[9,37,60,79,131,140,148,172],"various":[10],"network":[11,152],"management":[12],"operations,":[13],"e.g.,":[14],"Quality":[15],"of":[16,52,69,73,89,107,127,134,151,170,188],"Service":[17],"(QoS)":[18],"provisioning":[19],"and":[20,39,109,136,145],"security":[21],"services.":[22],"Machine":[23],"Learning":[24,77],"(ML)":[25],"algorithms":[26],"as":[27,157],"a":[28,86,158,185],"popular":[29],"approach":[30],"for":[31,85],"NTC":[32,46,108,120],"can":[33,180],"promise":[34],"reasonable":[35],"accuracy":[36,183],"classification":[38,150],"deal":[40],"with":[41,114,184],"encrypted":[42],"traffic.":[43],"However,":[44],"ML-based":[45,119],"techniques":[47],"suffer":[48],"from":[49],"the":[50,58,67,83,95,116,125,132,138,167],"shortage":[51],"labeled":[53,90],"traffic":[54,153],"data":[55],"which":[56],"is":[57],"case":[59],"many":[61],"real-world":[62],"applications.":[63],"This":[64],"study":[65,102],"investigates":[66],"applicability":[68,169],"active":[71],"form":[72],"ML,":[74],"called":[75],"Active":[76],"(AL),":[78],"NTC.":[80,173],"AL":[81,171,179],"reduces":[82],"need":[84],"large":[87],"number":[88],"examples":[91],"by":[92],"actively":[93],"choosing":[94],"instances":[96],"that":[97,178],"should":[98],"be":[99],"labeled.":[100],"The":[101,174],"first":[103],"provides":[104],"overview":[106],"its":[110],"fundamental":[111],"challenges":[112,144],"along":[113],"surveying":[115],"literature":[117,139],"on":[118],"methods.":[121],"Then,":[122],"it":[123,130],"introduces":[124],"concepts":[126],"AL,":[128],"discusses":[129],"context":[133],"NTC,":[135],"review":[137],"this":[141],"field.":[142],"Further,":[143],"open":[146],"issues":[147],"AL-based":[149],"are":[154,163],"discussed.":[155],"Moreover,":[156],"technical":[159],"survey,":[160],"some":[161],"experiments":[162],"conducted":[164],"to":[165],"show":[166,177],"broad":[168],"simulation":[175],"results":[176],"achieve":[181],"high":[182],"small":[186],"amount":[187],"data.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}