{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186636284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3099114","title":"Combined RF-Based Drone Detection and Classification","display_name":"Combined RF-Based Drone Detection and Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186636284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3099114","mag":"3186636284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3099114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3099114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/707176","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048061727","display_name":"Sanjoy Basak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-0324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150517870","display_name":"Royal Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmnye06","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjoy Basak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Bruxelles, Belgium","Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7603-0324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Bruxelles, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037259782","display_name":"Sreeraj Rajendran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-7494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreeraj Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-7494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028689021","display_name":"Sofie Pollin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-2076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Pollin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1470-2076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department ESAT, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066835643","display_name":"Bart Scheers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3242-6076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150517870","display_name":"Royal Military Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02vmnye06","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bart Scheers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Bruxelles, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3242-6076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department CISS, Royal Military Academy, Bruxelles, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150517870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":156,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98302163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"111","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.9739647507667542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7640854120254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5559614896774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5405588746070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5258365869522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.4924055337905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42420560121536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4214392900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.41649600863456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3953147232532501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37407076358795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3668439984321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3499370217323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33020326495170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.22145313024520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2072606384754181}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.9739647507667542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7640854120254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5559614896774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5405588746070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5258365869522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.4924055337905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42420560121536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4214392900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.41649600863456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3953147232532501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37407076358795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3668439984321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3499370217323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33020326495170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.22145313024520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2072606384754181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3099114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3099114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/707176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/707176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 8 (1), (111-120)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/707176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/707176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 8 (1), (111-120)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347139248","https://openalex.org/W1490887004","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1964376493","https://openalex.org/W2037673368","https://openalex.org/W2185914885","https://openalex.org/W2193353539","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2432876546","https://openalex.org/W2464322612","https://openalex.org/W2464890187","https://openalex.org/W2467147149","https://openalex.org/W2520146394","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2766224648","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2798440075","https://openalex.org/W2807787542","https://openalex.org/W2810450581","https://openalex.org/W2889741439","https://openalex.org/W2891735075","https://openalex.org/W2904220545","https://openalex.org/W2944086006","https://openalex.org/W2962751492","https://openalex.org/W2962970995","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2976792973","https://openalex.org/W2989663908","https://openalex.org/W3024044210","https://openalex.org/W3043230313","https://openalex.org/W3044875250","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W3114540470","https://openalex.org/W3130956448","https://openalex.org/W6987344892","https://openalex.org/W7065930334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4379143281","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W4212885606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"several":[1],"beneficial":[2],"applications,":[3],"unfortunately,":[4],"drones":[5,110],"are":[6,133],"also":[7],"being":[8],"used":[9],"for":[10,135,165],"illicit":[11],"activities":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"drug":[15],"trafficking,":[16],"firearm":[17],"smuggling":[18],"or":[19],"to":[20,23,159,175],"impose":[21],"threats":[22],"security-sensitive":[24],"places":[25],"like":[26],"airports":[27],"and":[28,36,50,72,90,111,119,122,127,138,170],"nuclear":[29],"power":[30],"plants.":[31],"The":[32,125],"existing":[33],"drone":[34,45,70,88,105],"localization":[35],"neutralization":[37],"technologies":[38],"work":[39],"on":[40,83],"the":[41,44,60,77,93,97,160],"assumption":[42],"that":[43,147],"has":[46],"already":[47],"been":[48],"detected":[49],"classified.":[51],"Although":[52],"we":[53,145],"have":[54,101],"observed":[55],"a":[56,103,113,117,136,166],"tremendous":[57],"advancement":[58],"in":[59,63,76],"sensor":[61],"industry":[62],"this":[64],"decade,":[65],"there":[66],"is":[67],"no":[68],"robust":[69],"detection":[71,89,121,126,156],"classification":[73,91,123,128,172],"method":[74],"proposed":[75],"literature":[78],"yet.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"focuses":[82],"radio":[84],"frequency":[85,94],"(RF)":[86],"based":[87],"using":[92,108],"signature":[95],"of":[96,130],"transmitted":[98],"signal.":[99],"We":[100],"created":[102],"novel":[104],"RF":[106],"dataset":[107],"commercial":[109],"presented":[112,134],"detailed":[114,143],"comparison":[115],"between":[116],"two-stage":[118],"combined":[120],"framework.":[124,181],"performance":[129,157,173],"both":[131],"frameworks":[132],"single-signal":[137],"simultaneous":[139,167],"multi-signal":[140,168],"scenario.":[141],"With":[142],"analysis,":[144],"show":[146],"You":[148],"Only":[149],"Look":[150],"Once":[151],"(YOLO)":[152],"framework":[153],"provides":[154],"better":[155],"compared":[158],"Goodness-of-Fit":[161],"(GoF)":[162],"spectrum":[163],"sensing":[164],"scenario":[169],"good":[171],"comparable":[174],"Deep":[176],"Residual":[177],"Neural":[178],"Network":[179],"(DRNN)":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
