{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167948099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3089178","title":"Lightweight Automatic Modulation Classification Based on Decentralized Learning","display_name":"Lightweight Automatic Modulation Classification Based on Decentralized Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167948099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3089178","mag":"3167948099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3089178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3089178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036456471","display_name":"Xue Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-4081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xue Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-4081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027367677","display_name":"Guan Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guan Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3888-2881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017851308","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-4261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-4261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016337773","display_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Ohtsuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-1426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031253024","display_name":"Bamidele Adebisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bamidele Adebisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-9120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026448728","display_name":"Haris Gacanin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-8883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haris Gacanin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication Technologies and Embedded Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-8883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication Technologies and Embedded Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011281064","display_name":"Fumiyuki Adachi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fumiyuki Adachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Organization of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5416-0718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Organization of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036456471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0989,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98247859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7573971748352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7151039242744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.6822707653045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.49333110451698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.4742411971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4410164952278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42007213830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41404807567596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40810883045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34762319922447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16043806076049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.15245112776756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08778741955757141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7573971748352051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7151039242744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.6822707653045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.49333110451698303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.4742411971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4410164952278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42007213830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41404807567596436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40810883045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34762319922447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16043806076049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.15245112776756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08778741955757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3089178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3089178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2783099067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KFKT-2020106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335831","funder_display_name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8731264669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP19H02142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8919277133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335831","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications of Ministry of Education","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1839281361","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W2125242600","https://openalex.org/W2125573509","https://openalex.org/W2130014182","https://openalex.org/W2160923845","https://openalex.org/W2493744448","https://openalex.org/W2566425973","https://openalex.org/W2596324967","https://openalex.org/W2598948018","https://openalex.org/W2612501136","https://openalex.org/W2617931713","https://openalex.org/W2620303912","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2752784462","https://openalex.org/W2767151733","https://openalex.org/W2772387500","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2774912636","https://openalex.org/W2891768968","https://openalex.org/W2902897529","https://openalex.org/W2915101468","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2943443346","https://openalex.org/W2943928690","https://openalex.org/W2959655745","https://openalex.org/W2960246799","https://openalex.org/W2966910701","https://openalex.org/W2971028111","https://openalex.org/W2971055251","https://openalex.org/W2972087877","https://openalex.org/W2981598692","https://openalex.org/W2982286025","https://openalex.org/W2986348246","https://openalex.org/W2986739745","https://openalex.org/W2990009274","https://openalex.org/W3003174479","https://openalex.org/W3005252141","https://openalex.org/W3008364176","https://openalex.org/W3013935691","https://openalex.org/W3016146955","https://openalex.org/W3038692183","https://openalex.org/W3041280537","https://openalex.org/W3049287738","https://openalex.org/W3049419126","https://openalex.org/W3060435609","https://openalex.org/W3101352448","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W3158675441","https://openalex.org/W4232120769","https://openalex.org/W6680748266","https://openalex.org/W6723415496"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944823289","https://openalex.org/W3037018281","https://openalex.org/W2003209439","https://openalex.org/W4321854979","https://openalex.org/W2358319515","https://openalex.org/W2972592048","https://openalex.org/W4312214821","https://openalex.org/W2497626292","https://openalex.org/W2390344072","https://openalex.org/W2504004674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,73],"the":[2,31,67,75,92,97,104,122,138,154,174,196,201,207,224,230,234,289],"implementation":[3],"and":[4,27,48,79,99,106,128,137,172,205,261],"performance":[5],"limitations":[6],"of":[7,81,103,145,177,188,198,210,226,233,243,266],"centralized":[8],"learning":[9,20],"automatic":[10],"modulation":[11],"classification":[12,157],"(CentAMC)":[13],"method,":[14],"this":[15],"paper":[16],"proposes":[17],"a":[18,37,219],"decentralized":[19],"AMC":[21,236],"(DecentAMC)":[22],"method":[23,94,180,213,237],"using":[24],"model":[25,32,45,53,126,169,202],"consolidation":[26,33],"lightweight":[28,56],"design.":[29],"Specifically,":[30],"is":[34,57,71,132,147,181,195,228,238,292],"realized":[35],"by":[36,59,134,149,159],"central":[38],"device":[39,43],"(CD)":[40],"for":[41,51],"edge":[42],"(ED)":[44],"averaging":[46],"(MA)":[47],"multiple":[49],"EDs":[50,105,227],"ED":[52],"training.":[54],"The":[55,109],"designed":[58],"separable":[60,68],"convolutional":[61,69,118],"neural":[62,119],"network":[63,120],"(S-CNN),":[64],"in":[65,246,269],"which":[66],"layer":[70,78],"utilized":[72],"replace":[74],"standard":[76],"convolution":[77],"most":[80],"fully":[82],"connected":[83],"layers":[84],"are":[85],"cut":[86],"off.":[87],"Simulation":[88],"results":[89],"show":[90],"that":[91,242,265],"proposed":[93,179,212,235],"substantially":[95],"reduces":[96],"storage":[98],"computational":[100],"capacity":[101],"requirements":[102],"communication":[107,290],"overhead.":[108],"training":[110,175,208,231],"efficiency":[111,176,209],"also":[112],"shows":[113],"remarkable":[114],"improvement.":[115],"Compared":[116,163],"with":[117,164],"(CNN),":[121],"space":[123],"complexity":[124,140],"(i.e.,":[125,141],"parameters":[127],"output":[129],"feature":[130],"map)":[131],"decreased":[133,148],"about":[135,150,182,239,262],"94&#x0025;":[136],"time":[139],"floating":[142],"point":[143],"operations)":[144],"S-CNN":[146],"96&#x0025;":[151],"while":[152,288],"degrading":[153],"average":[155],"correct":[156],"probability":[158],"less":[160],"than":[161,295],"1&#x0025;.":[162],"S-CNN-based":[165,244,267],"CentAMC,":[166],"without":[167],"considering":[168],"weights":[170,203],"uploading":[171,204],"downloading,":[173,206],"our":[178,211],"<inline-formula>":[183,191,248,271],"<tex-math":[184,192,249,272],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${N}$":[185,193],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[186,194,260],"times":[187,241,264],"it,":[189],"where":[190],"number":[197,225],"EDs.":[199],"Considering":[200],"can":[214],"still":[215],"be":[216],"maintained":[217],"at":[218],"high":[220],"level":[221],"(e.g.,":[222],"when":[223],"12,":[229],"efficency":[232],"4":[240],"CentAMC":[245,268],"dataset":[247,270],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$D_{1}":[250],"=":[251,274],"\\{2{\\mathrm":[252],"{FSK,":[253,277],"4FSK,":[254,278],"8FSK,":[255,279],"BPSK,":[256,280],"QPSK,":[257,281],"8PSK,":[258,282],"16QAM}}\\}$":[259,286],"5":[263],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$D_{2}":[273],"\\{2":[275],"{\\mathrm":[276],"PAM2,":[283],"PAM4,":[284],"PAM8,":[285],"</tex-math></inline-formula>),":[287],"overhead":[291],"reduced":[293],"more":[294],"35&#x0025;.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}