{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3163731022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3078147","title":"Machine Learning-Assisted Beam Alignment for mmWave Systems","display_name":"Machine Learning-Assisted Beam Alignment for mmWave Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3163731022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3078147","mag":"3163731022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3078147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3078147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073860523","display_name":"Yuqiang Heng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-9600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqiang Heng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Networking and Communications Group, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7075-9600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Networking and Communications Group, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042833857","display_name":"Jeffrey G. Andrews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-5088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey G. Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Networking and Communications Group, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9115-5088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Networking and Communications Group, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8647,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94047603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"1142","last_page":"1155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.780318558216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.6064023971557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5928274989128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.5094884037971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.47512489557266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-search","display_name":"Beam search","score":0.4665724039077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4297310709953308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3796481192111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3099847137928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.22478464245796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19909530878067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.16911044716835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.15144917368888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13740003108978271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.780318558216095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.6064023971557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5928274989128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5094884037971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.47512489557266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.4665724039077759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4297310709953308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3796481192111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3099847137928009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22478464245796204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19909530878067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.16911044716835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.15144917368888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13740003108978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2021.3078147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2021.3078147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347197115","https://openalex.org/W779733492","https://openalex.org/W1504983838","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1570448133","https://openalex.org/W1987804395","https://openalex.org/W2035330915","https://openalex.org/W2038821639","https://openalex.org/W2049501010","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2261663070","https://openalex.org/W2345176225","https://openalex.org/W2603407422","https://openalex.org/W2608727628","https://openalex.org/W2614851539","https://openalex.org/W2743626299","https://openalex.org/W2796047239","https://openalex.org/W2891787690","https://openalex.org/W2911410259","https://openalex.org/W2951145066","https://openalex.org/W2962944637","https://openalex.org/W2963408914","https://openalex.org/W3010367128","https://openalex.org/W3033354888","https://openalex.org/W3101675980","https://openalex.org/W3105281589","https://openalex.org/W6611728332","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2527954625","https://openalex.org/W2918553796","https://openalex.org/W3040878177","https://openalex.org/W3156736277","https://openalex.org/W2386767533","https://openalex.org/W2539246107","https://openalex.org/W4287332007","https://openalex.org/W2012842278","https://openalex.org/W3128265108","https://openalex.org/W2186784691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Beam":[0],"alignment":[1,30,198],"is":[2,33],"a":[3,28,61,97,103,137],"challenging":[4],"and":[5,51,89,111,132,156,171,177],"time-consuming":[6],"process":[7],"for":[8,60,127,153,159,173],"millimeter":[9],"wave":[10],"(mmWave)":[11],"systems,":[12],"particularly":[13],"as":[14],"they":[15],"trend":[16],"towards":[17],"higher":[18],"carrier":[19],"frequencies":[20],"which":[21,70,181],"require":[22],"ever":[23],"narrower":[24],"beams.":[25],"We":[26,87,167],"propose":[27],"beam":[29,52,160,197],"method":[31,117,145],"that":[32,183],"assisted":[34],"by":[35,75,80,96,150],"machine":[36],"learning":[37],"(ML),":[38],"where":[39],"we":[40],"train":[41,88],"ML":[42,190],"models":[43,92,172,191],"to":[44],"predict":[45],"the":[46,55,76,81,91,121,129,147],"optimal":[47,130],"access":[48],"point":[49],"(AP)":[50],"\u2013":[53,59],"or":[54,78],"best":[56],"few":[57],"candidates":[58],"user":[62],"equipment":[63],"(UE)":[64],"given":[65],"just":[66],"its":[67],"GPS":[68],"coordinates,":[69,114],"can":[71,118,192],"be":[72],"fed":[73],"back":[74],"UE":[77,113,184],"estimated":[79],"network":[82],"using":[83],"emerging":[84],"localization":[85,185],"techniques.":[86],"evaluate":[90],"with":[93,108,141,187],"data":[94],"generated":[95],"state-of-the-art":[98],"commercial":[99],"ray-tracing":[100],"software":[101],"in":[102,136],"realistic":[104],"urban":[105],"topology.":[106],"Even":[107],"dynamic":[109],"scatterers":[110],"imperfect":[112],"our":[115,144,169,179],"proposed":[116],"greatly":[119],"reduce":[120],"search":[122,148],"space":[123,149],"(number":[124],"of":[125,175],"candidates)":[126],"finding":[128],"AP":[131,154],"beam.":[133],"For":[134],"example,":[135],"28":[138],"GHz":[139],"scenario":[140],"64":[142],"beams,":[143],"reduces":[146],"approximately":[151],"4x":[152],"selection":[155,161],"over":[157,164],"10x":[158],"while":[162],"achieving":[163],"95%":[165],"accuracy.":[166],"provide":[168],"dataset":[170],"ease":[174],"reproducing":[176],"extending":[178],"results,":[180],"suggest":[182],"coupled":[186],"suitably":[188],"trained":[189],"significantly":[193],"speed":[194],"up":[195],"current":[196],"procedures.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
