{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117698002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2020.3048113","title":"Visualizing Deep Learning-Based Radio Modulation Classifier","display_name":"Visualizing Deep Learning-Based Radio Modulation Classifier","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117698002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2020.3048113","mag":"3117698002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2020.3048113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2020.3048113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075538786","display_name":"Liang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6924-4466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384578","display_name":"You Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2085-2801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053042182","display_name":"Weijian Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-1881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijian Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101758654","display_name":"Jinyin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7153-2755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cyberspace Security, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cyberspace Security, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076938763","display_name":"Liping Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-2617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Ping Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082844557","display_name":"Yuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6661-9461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075538786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9367033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"47","last_page":"58"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9527999758720398,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8108590245246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7663686275482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7374677062034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.726072371006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6375362873077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6260964870452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5853090286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49740150570869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.42539286613464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.413917601108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3293415904045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10484492778778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09332931041717529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8108590245246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7663686275482178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7374677062034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.726072371006012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6375362873077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6260964870452881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5853090286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49740150570869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.42539286613464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.413917601108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3293415904045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10484492778778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09332931041717529}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2020.3048113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2020.3048113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2452714580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G346397689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3946900143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019D11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","funder_display_name":"Southeast University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4374485208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY19F020033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G589977349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G731995413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY19F020025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484094384","https://openalex.org/W1616262590","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1915485278","https://openalex.org/W1951216520","https://openalex.org/W1986510668","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2132820343","https://openalex.org/W2159505618","https://openalex.org/W2160815625","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2190008860","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2396384435","https://openalex.org/W2524611247","https://openalex.org/W2562146178","https://openalex.org/W2586457790","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2734908518","https://openalex.org/W2739349903","https://openalex.org/W2739996966","https://openalex.org/W2741230443","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2770173563","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2907204409","https://openalex.org/W2909712920","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2963468488","https://openalex.org/W2995727660","https://openalex.org/W2998637290","https://openalex.org/W3000235499","https://openalex.org/W3005694839","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3102431071","https://openalex.org/W3104028856","https://openalex.org/W4232120769","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6683078286","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W4385957992","https://openalex.org/W3129898729","https://openalex.org/W4200173597","https://openalex.org/W4310880831","https://openalex.org/W3006943036","https://openalex.org/W4299487748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"has":[2],"recently":[3],"been":[4],"successfully":[5],"applied":[6],"in":[7,17],"automatic":[8],"modulation":[9,25,58,115],"classification":[10],"by":[11,60,144,154],"extracting":[12],"and":[13,30,45,74,84,100,106,157],"classifying":[14],"radio":[15,24,41,57,87,111,126,141,155,160],"features":[16,42,88,112,127,142],"an":[18],"end-to-end":[19],"way.":[20],"However,":[21],"deep":[22,55,145],"learning-based":[23,56,146],"classifiers":[26,59,108,147],"are":[27,43,81,89,128],"lacking":[28],"interpretability,":[29],"there":[31],"is":[32],"little":[33],"explanation":[34],"or":[35],"visibility":[36],"into":[37],"what":[38],"kinds":[39],"of":[40,133],"extracted":[44,86,143],"chosen":[46],"for":[47,120],"classification.":[48],"In":[49,118],"this":[50],"article,":[51],"we":[52],"visualize":[53],"different":[54,93],"introducing":[61],"a":[62,158],"class":[63],"activation":[64],"vector.":[65],"Specifically,":[66],"both":[67,102],"convolutional":[68],"neural":[69],"networks":[70],"(CNN)":[71],"based":[72,79],"classifier":[73,80,105],"long":[75],"short-term":[76],"memory":[77],"(LSTM)":[78],"separately":[82],"studied,":[83],"their":[85],"visualized.":[90],"We":[91],"explore":[92],"hyperparameter":[94],"settings":[95],"via":[96],"extensive":[97],"numerical":[98,137],"evaluations":[99],"show":[101],"the":[103,121,131,140,151],"CNN-based":[104],"LSTM-based":[107,122],"extract":[109],"similar":[110,129],"relating":[113],"to":[114,130,164],"reference":[116],"points.":[117],"particular,":[119],"classifier,":[123],"its":[124],"obtained":[125],"knowledge":[132],"human":[134],"experts.":[135],"Our":[136],"results":[138],"indicate":[139],"greatly":[148],"depend":[149],"on":[150],"contents":[152],"carried":[153],"signals,":[156],"short":[159],"sample":[161],"may":[162],"lead":[163],"misclassification.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}