{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946598042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2019.2916309","title":"Analysis of Spectrum Valuation Elements for Local 5G Networks: Case Study of 3.5-GHz Band","display_name":"Analysis of Spectrum Valuation Elements for Local 5G Networks: Case Study of 3.5-GHz Band","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946598042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2019.2916309","mag":"2946598042"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2019.2916309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2019.2916309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/fb027f3c-0324-429d-ae16-d52ef10d55e3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063562055","display_name":"Marja Matinmikko\u2010Blue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-6344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marja Matinmikko-Blue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-6344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066628738","display_name":"Seppo Yrj\u00f6l\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-9700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seppo Yrjola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Enterprise, Nokia, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-9700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Enterprise, Nokia, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084646307","display_name":"Veikko Sepp\u00e4nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0748-8419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veikko Seppanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oulu Business School, Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0748-8419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oulu Business School, Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089868875","display_name":"Petri Ahokangas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2351-8473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petri Ahokangas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oulu Business School, Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2351-8473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oulu Business School, Martti Ahtisaari Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048709015","display_name":"Heikki H\u00e4mm\u00e4inen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7312-2437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heikki Hammainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications and Networking, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7312-2437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications and Networking, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035872239","display_name":"Matti Latva\u2010aho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti Latva-Aho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6261-0969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5141,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95988088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3","first_page":"741","last_page":"753"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valuation","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","score":0.7410343885421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6799819469451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.6130030751228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.5507588386535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.49943113327026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4904024600982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.483663409948349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-network-operator","display_name":"Mobile network operator","score":0.4820635914802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.43539366126060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3315547704696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.291883647441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2561708986759186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.17592278122901917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.7410343885421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6799819469451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.6130030751228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.5507588386535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.49943113327026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4904024600982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.483663409948349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778898898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941618","display_name":"Mobile network operator","level":3,"score":0.4820635914802551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.43539366126060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3315547704696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.291883647441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2561708986759186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.17592278122901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2019.2916309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2019.2916309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/43474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/fb027f3c-0324-429d-ae16-d52ef10d55e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1 Alkuper\u00e4isartikkeli tieteellisess\u00e4 aikakauslehdess\u00e4"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2019100931985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2019100931985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/43474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/fb027f3c-0324-429d-ae16-d52ef10d55e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1 Alkuper\u00e4isartikkeli tieteellisess\u00e4 aikakauslehdess\u00e4"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1598644375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#318927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530894776","https://openalex.org/W1995086012","https://openalex.org/W2033510608","https://openalex.org/W2040614779","https://openalex.org/W2062967795","https://openalex.org/W2071224703","https://openalex.org/W2081519895","https://openalex.org/W2094101547","https://openalex.org/W2094378581","https://openalex.org/W2102877151","https://openalex.org/W2148091649","https://openalex.org/W2148965631","https://openalex.org/W2169966076","https://openalex.org/W2186869057","https://openalex.org/W2188599029","https://openalex.org/W2346929505","https://openalex.org/W2519112177","https://openalex.org/W2568948403","https://openalex.org/W2574540656","https://openalex.org/W2587704299","https://openalex.org/W2588112252","https://openalex.org/W2617619501","https://openalex.org/W2753986375","https://openalex.org/W2756597976","https://openalex.org/W2767049428","https://openalex.org/W2768261685","https://openalex.org/W2914385757","https://openalex.org/W2939309904","https://openalex.org/W2963672749","https://openalex.org/W2991953046","https://openalex.org/W3122604553","https://openalex.org/W3123428424","https://openalex.org/W3124361947","https://openalex.org/W4237349132","https://openalex.org/W6622058180","https://openalex.org/W6631715615","https://openalex.org/W6744434347","https://openalex.org/W6771274898","https://openalex.org/W6790226066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2236567279","https://openalex.org/W2392764151","https://openalex.org/W2613603939","https://openalex.org/W4225341666","https://openalex.org/W2786459840","https://openalex.org/W2019662070","https://openalex.org/W1978816788","https://openalex.org/W2032808938","https://openalex.org/W3163826586","https://openalex.org/W2946598042"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radio":[0],"spectrum":[1,21,51,79,82,98,126,141,176,184],"is":[2,46],"a":[3,12,56,175],"scarce":[4],"natural":[5],"resource,":[6],"whose":[7],"efficient":[8],"management":[9,80],"calls":[10],"for":[11,116],"thorough":[13],"understanding":[14],"of":[15,20,39,97,103,133,147,156,180],"its":[16],"value.":[17],"A":[18],"number":[19],"valuation":[22,45,83,142,177],"approaches":[23,84],"has":[24],"emerged":[25],"considering":[26],"different":[27,158,191],"elements,":[28],"some":[29],"with":[30],"potentially":[31],"high":[32],"uncertainty":[33],"as":[34],"future":[35,104],"profits,":[36],"total":[37],"cost":[38],"ownership":[40],"and":[41,53,63,81,85,93,118,167],"societal":[42],"benefits.":[43],"Spectrum":[44],"important":[47],"in":[48,100,144,186,190],"regulators'":[49],"5G":[50,106,121,135,151,170,183],"decisions":[52,185],"will":[54],"face":[55],"new":[57,124,149],"situation,":[58],"where":[59],"location":[60,117],"specific":[61,120],"services":[62],"higher":[64],"carrier":[65],"frequencies":[66],"give":[67],"rise":[68],"to":[69,89,111,129],"local":[70,105,134,150,169],"network":[71,164],"operator":[72],"models.":[73],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"analyzes":[76],"the":[77,95,101,113,131,139,145,154,157,181,187],"existing":[78],"identifies":[86],"key":[87],"elements":[88,143],"consider,":[90],"when":[91],"defining":[92],"assessing":[94],"value":[96],"especially":[99],"context":[102,146],"networks.":[107],"The":[108],"growing":[109],"pressure":[110],"open":[112],"mobile":[114,163],"market":[115],"vertical":[119],"networks":[122,152],"promotes":[123],"sharing-based":[125],"access":[127],"models,":[128],"allow":[130],"emergence":[132],"operators.":[136,171],"We":[137,172],"characterize":[138],"identified":[140],"these":[148],"from":[153],"perspectives":[155],"stakeholder":[159],"roles":[160],"including":[161],"regulators,":[162],"operators":[165],"(MNOs)":[166],"entrant":[168],"further":[173],"present":[174],"case":[178],"study":[179],"recent":[182],"3.5-GHz":[188],"band":[189],"countries.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}