{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2741230443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2018.2835460","title":"Deep Learning Models for Wireless Signal Classification With Distributed Low-Cost Spectrum Sensors","display_name":"Deep Learning Models for Wireless Signal Classification With Distributed Low-Cost Spectrum Sensors","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2741230443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2018.2835460","mag":"2741230443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2018.2835460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2018.2835460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/625501","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sreeraj Rajendran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-7494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sreeraj Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wannes Meert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9560-3872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wannes Meert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Domenico Giustiniano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3136-4176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802499160","display_name":"IMDEA Networks","ror":"https://ror.org/04mm9fg30","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Giustiniano","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Networks Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802499160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Vincent Lenders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-3722"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Lenders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace and Information, armasuisse, Thun, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace and Information, armasuisse, Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sofie Pollin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Pollin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.9668,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":780,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99809357,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"433","last_page":"445"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.3546000123023987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5892999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5202000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tccn.2018.2835460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2018.2835460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2484188435","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","issn_l":"2332-7731","issn":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/625501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/625501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 4 (3), Art.No. 3, (433-445)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1707.08908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08908","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.08908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/625501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/625501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol. 4 (3), Art.No. 3, (433-445)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981761315","https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2048101164","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2106186328","https://openalex.org/W2107330855","https://openalex.org/W2111085587","https://openalex.org/W2128039462","https://openalex.org/W2134433297","https://openalex.org/W2149255982","https://openalex.org/W2151946103","https://openalex.org/W2164233625","https://openalex.org/W2183590093","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2603396821","https://openalex.org/W2605049359","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640820311","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6727208969","https://openalex.org/W6751571426","https://openalex.org/W6917408469"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"looks":[2],"into":[3],"the":[4,37,45,50,65,92,151,155,159,166,179,189],"modulation":[5,22,46,126],"classification":[6,23,71,169,177],"problem":[7],"for":[8,20,98,144,194],"a":[9,16,99,107],"distributed":[10,164],"wireless":[11],"spectrum":[12,173,181],"sensing":[13],"network.":[14],"First,":[15],"new":[17],"data-driven":[18],"model":[19,34,67,97,110],"automatic":[21],"based":[24,109],"on":[25,137,178,196],"long":[26],"short":[27],"term":[28],"memory":[29],"(LSTM)":[30],"is":[31,122],"proposed.":[32],"The":[33,132],"learns":[35],"from":[36,83,163],"time":[38,118],"domain":[39,119],"amplitude":[40],"and":[41,175],"phase":[42],"information":[43],"of":[44,73,94,115,135,142,154,168,188],"schemes":[47],"present":[48],"in":[49,124],"training":[51],"data":[52,160,174],"without":[53],"requiring":[54],"expert":[55],"features":[56],"like":[57],"higher":[58],"order":[59],"cyclic":[60],"moments.":[61],"Analyses":[62],"show":[63,105],"that":[64,106],"proposed":[66,190],"yields":[68],"an":[69,138],"average":[70],"accuracy":[72,134],"close":[74],"to":[75,86],"90%":[76],"at":[77],"varying":[78],"signal-to-noise":[79],"ratio":[80],"conditions":[81],"ranging":[82],"0":[84],"dB":[85],"20":[87],"dB.":[88],"Further,":[89],"we":[90],"explore":[91],"utility":[93],"this":[95],"LSTM":[96,108],"variable":[100,116],"symbol":[101,130],"rate":[102],"scenario.":[103],"We":[104],"can":[111],"learn":[112],"good":[113],"representations":[114],"length":[117,141],"sequences,":[120],"which":[121,145],"useful":[123],"classifying":[125],"signals":[127],"with":[128,198],"different":[129],"rates.":[131],"achieved":[133],"75%":[136],"input":[139],"sample":[140],"64":[143],"it":[146],"was":[147],"not":[148],"trained,":[149],"substantiates":[150],"representation":[152],"power":[153],"model.":[156],"To":[157],"reduce":[158],"communication":[161],"overhead":[162],"sensors,":[165],"feasibility":[167],"using":[170],"averaged":[171],"magnitude":[172],"on-line":[176],"low-cost":[180],"sensors":[182,197],"are":[183,192],"studied.":[184],"Furthermore,":[185],"quantized":[186],"realizations":[187],"models":[191],"analyzed":[193],"deployment":[195],"low":[199],"processing":[200],"power.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":142},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":145},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":115},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":105},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2017-08-08T00:00:00"}
