{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147731976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2026.3679330","title":"TR-GAN: Data-Augmentation-Aware Transformer-Rectification-Based Generative Adversarial Networks for Long-Term Cloud Workload Forecasting","display_name":"TR-GAN: Data-Augmentation-Aware Transformer-Rectification-Based Generative Adversarial Networks for Long-Term Cloud Workload Forecasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147731976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2026.3679330"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2026.3679330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2026.3679330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zekun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5109-2576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zekun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5109-2576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132608351","display_name":"Fuxiang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuxiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7026-8553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-8753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-8753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101416249","display_name":"John Panneerselvam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-1681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Panneerselvam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132557180","display_name":"Haowen Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haowen Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5480-928X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132667277","display_name":"Lu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-4507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42791302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"999","last_page":"1014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.8371000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.8371000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.0357000008225441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provisioning","display_name":"Provisioning","score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-driven","display_name":"Data-driven","score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.3305000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172191483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071806","display_name":"Provisioning","level":2,"score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2026.3679330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2026.3679330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maximum":[0],"utilisation":[1],"of":[2,5,189,222,254],"minimal":[3],"amount":[4],"resources":[6],"is":[7,27,62,155,226],"pivotal":[8],"for":[9,161,266],"achieving":[10],"a":[11,28,36,107,123,139,145,251],"sustainable":[12],"operation":[13],"in":[14,23,35,65,130,216],"large-scale":[15],"Cloud":[16,24,33,66],"Data":[17,25,112],"Centres.":[18],"Prediction":[19],"driven":[20],"resource":[21],"provisioning":[22],"Centres":[26],"potential":[29],"approach":[30],"to":[31,44,88,135,150,182,195],"execute":[32],"workloads":[34],"sustianable":[37],"way.":[38],"Traditional":[39],"prediction":[40,109,220,252],"models":[41,73],"often":[42,63],"struggle":[43],"deliver":[45,151,250],"accurate":[46,152],"predictions":[47,206],"under":[48,198],"dynamic":[49],"and":[50,58,96,125,143,187,203,238,264],"heterogeneous":[51],"cloud":[52,89,163,190,231],"workloads,":[53],"as":[54,75,138,144],"capturing":[55],"long-range":[56],"dependencies":[57],"sudden":[59],"workload":[60,90,164,232],"spikes":[61],"challenging":[64],"environments.":[67],"In":[68],"addition,":[69],"recent":[70],"time":[71],"series":[72],"such":[74,102],"the":[76,131,156,184,223,235,245],"Adversarial":[77,81,118],"Error":[78],"Correction":[79],"Generative":[80,117],"Network":[82],"(AEC-GAN)":[83],"characterise":[84],"shortcomings":[85],"when":[86],"applied":[87],"datasets,":[91,233],"particularly":[92],"whilst":[93],"managing":[94],"volatility":[95],"learning":[97,127,210],"irregular":[98,201],"patterns.":[99],"To":[100],"address":[101],"challenges,":[103],"this":[104],"paper":[105],"proposes":[106],"novel":[108],"model":[110,159,183,225,248],"using":[111],"Augment":[113],"Aware":[114],"Transformer":[115,128],"Rectification-based":[116],"Networks":[119],"(TR-GAN),":[120],"which":[121],"incorporates":[122],"continuous":[124],"conditional":[126],"block":[129],"GAN's":[132],"generator":[133],"module":[134],"serve":[136],"both":[137],"data":[140,146,169,194],"distribution":[141],"moderator":[142],"augmentation":[147,170],"generator,":[148],"ultimately":[149],"predictions.":[153],"TR-GAN":[154,247],"first":[157],"GAN-based":[158],"tailored":[160],"long-term":[162],"forecasting":[165,268],"that":[166,244],"explicitly":[167],"couples":[168],"with":[171,228],"sequence":[172],"rectification.":[173],"Unlike":[174],"discriminative":[175],"forecasters,":[176],"Its":[177],"generative":[178],"formulation":[179],"allows":[180],"it":[181],"intrinsic":[185],"variability":[186],"uncertainty":[188],"workloads,generate":[191],"context-aware":[192],"synthetic":[193],"improve":[196],"generalization":[197],"sparse":[199],"or":[200],"patterns,":[202],"iteratively":[204],"refine":[205],"through":[207],"an":[208],"adversarial":[209],"process,":[211],"thereby":[212],"reducing":[213],"error":[214],"accumulation":[215],"long-horizon":[217],"forecasts.":[218],"The":[219],"performance":[221],"proposed":[224,246],"evaluated":[227],"two":[229],"widely-used":[230],"namely":[234],"Google":[236],"clusters":[237],"Alibaba":[239],"traces.":[240],"Experimental":[241],"results":[242],"demonstrate":[243],"can":[249],"improvement":[253],"around":[255],"15%":[256],"than":[257],"notable":[258],"state-of-the-art":[259],"models,":[260],"including":[261],"Informer,":[262],"Autoformer":[263],"AEC-GAN,":[265],"long":[267],"horizons.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T06:18:44.609144","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}