{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415444056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","title":"DRKC: Deep Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Microservice Scheduling on Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud-Edge Environment","display_name":"DRKC: Deep Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Microservice Scheduling on Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud-Edge Environment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415444056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jian Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4759-4800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4759-4800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090335612","display_name":"Qianmu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-1517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianmu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-1517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080854999","display_name":"Pengchuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengchuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-5103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082653046","display_name":"Yunhuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-8078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-8078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7669,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9625508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"1472","last_page":"1486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6693000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-priority-scheduling","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-share-scheduling","display_name":"Fair-share scheduling","score":0.3573000133037567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6988999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6693000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31689143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733809","display_name":"Fair-share scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119948110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7858726","display_name":"Two-level scheduling","level":4,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175893541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196582","display_name":"Round-robin scheduling","level":4,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599162488","https://openalex.org/W2126568761","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2747340777","https://openalex.org/W2888891223","https://openalex.org/W2897846836","https://openalex.org/W2951360122","https://openalex.org/W2970792198","https://openalex.org/W2971627722","https://openalex.org/W3027517615","https://openalex.org/W3041202696","https://openalex.org/W3048234700","https://openalex.org/W3089116250","https://openalex.org/W3107949964","https://openalex.org/W3111640822","https://openalex.org/W3153863114","https://openalex.org/W3154418849","https://openalex.org/W3156127671","https://openalex.org/W3198893659","https://openalex.org/W3200166540","https://openalex.org/W3202697262","https://openalex.org/W4206174365","https://openalex.org/W4211041246","https://openalex.org/W4225709846","https://openalex.org/W4283371092","https://openalex.org/W4367360702","https://openalex.org/W4380152116","https://openalex.org/W4387938003","https://openalex.org/W4388240184","https://openalex.org/W4391483391","https://openalex.org/W4392368867","https://openalex.org/W4392381311","https://openalex.org/W4394615873","https://openalex.org/W4394718551","https://openalex.org/W4400177504"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,29,68,133],"rapidly":[2],"evolving":[3],"landscape":[4],"of":[5,34,135],"cloud-edge":[6,35,148],"computing,":[7],"efficient":[8],"resource":[9,61,103,128,140],"scheduling":[10,21,69,82],"across":[11,147],"Kubernetes":[12,117],"clusters":[13,118],"is":[14],"essential":[15],"for":[16],"optimizing":[17],"microservice":[18],"deployment.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"methods,e.g.,heuristic":[22],"and":[23,31,41,46,63,122,142],"meta-heuristic":[24],"algorithms,":[25],"often":[26],"struggle":[27],"with":[28,119,126],"dynamic":[30],"heterogeneous":[32],"nature":[33],"environments,":[36],"relying":[37,89],"on":[38,90],"fixed":[39],"parameters":[40],"lacking":[42],"adaptability.":[43],"We":[44,66,111],"propose":[45],"implement":[47],"DRKC,":[48],"a":[49,72],"novel":[50],"deep":[51],"reinforcement":[52],"learning-based":[53],"approach":[54],"that":[55],"addresses":[56],"these":[57],"challenges":[58],"by":[59],"improving":[60],"utilization":[62],"balancing":[64,146],"workloads.":[65],"model":[67],"problem":[70],"as":[71],"Markov":[73],"decision":[74],"process,":[75],"enabling":[76],"DRKC":[77,136],"to":[78,105,108],"automatically":[79],"learn":[80],"optimal":[81],"policies":[83],"from":[84,98],"real-time":[85],"system":[86],"data":[87],"without":[88],"predefined":[91],"heuristics.":[92],"The":[93],"work":[94],"synthesizes":[95],"state":[96],"information":[97],"multiple":[99],"clusters,":[100],"using":[101],"multidimensional":[102],"awareness":[104],"effectively":[106],"respond":[107],"changing":[109],"conditions.":[110],"evaluate":[112],"our":[113],"performance":[114],"in":[115,137],"three":[116],"thirteen":[120],"nodes":[121],"ninety-six":[123],"test":[124],"applications":[125],"different":[127],"requirements.":[129],"Experimental":[130],"results":[131],"validate":[132],"effectiveness":[134],"enhancing":[138],"overall":[139],"efficiency":[141],"achieving":[143],"superior":[144],"load":[145],"environments.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}