{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415444056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","title":"DRKC: Deep Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Microservice Scheduling on Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud-Edge Environment","display_name":"DRKC: Deep Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Microservice Scheduling on Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud-Edge Environment","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415444056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054384395","display_name":"Jian Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5695-3420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090335612","display_name":"Qianmu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-1517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianmu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080854999","display_name":"Pengchuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengchuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082653046","display_name":"Yunhuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-8078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054384395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45322504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"1472","last_page":"1486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6693000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-priority-scheduling","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fair-share-scheduling","display_name":"Fair-share scheduling","score":0.3573000133037567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6988999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6693000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31689143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733809","display_name":"Fair-share scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3573000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119948110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7858726","display_name":"Two-level scheduling","level":4,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175893541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196582","display_name":"Round-robin scheduling","level":4,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3624031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599162488","https://openalex.org/W2126568761","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2747340777","https://openalex.org/W2888891223","https://openalex.org/W2897846836","https://openalex.org/W2951360122","https://openalex.org/W2970792198","https://openalex.org/W2971627722","https://openalex.org/W3027517615","https://openalex.org/W3041202696","https://openalex.org/W3048234700","https://openalex.org/W3089116250","https://openalex.org/W3107949964","https://openalex.org/W3111640822","https://openalex.org/W3153863114","https://openalex.org/W3154418849","https://openalex.org/W3156127671","https://openalex.org/W3198893659","https://openalex.org/W3200166540","https://openalex.org/W3202697262","https://openalex.org/W4206174365","https://openalex.org/W4211041246","https://openalex.org/W4225709846","https://openalex.org/W4283371092","https://openalex.org/W4367360702","https://openalex.org/W4380152116","https://openalex.org/W4387938003","https://openalex.org/W4388240184","https://openalex.org/W4391483391","https://openalex.org/W4392368867","https://openalex.org/W4392381311","https://openalex.org/W4394615873","https://openalex.org/W4394718551","https://openalex.org/W4400177504"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,33,72,137],"rapidly":[2],"evolving":[3],"landscape":[4],"of":[5,38,139],"cloud-edge":[6,39,152],"computing,":[7],"efficient":[8],"resource":[9,65,107,132,144],"scheduling":[10,21,73,86],"across":[11,151],"Kubernetes":[12,121],"clusters":[13,122],"is":[14],"essential":[15],"for":[16],"optimizing":[17],"microservice":[18],"deployment.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"methods,":[22],"<italic":[23],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[24],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">e.g.,</i>":[25],"heuristic":[26],"and":[27,35,45,50,67,126,146],"meta-heuristic":[28],"algorithms,":[29],"often":[30],"struggle":[31],"with":[32,123,130],"dynamic":[34],"heterogeneous":[36],"nature":[37],"environments,":[40],"relying":[41,93],"on":[42,94],"fixed":[43],"parameters":[44],"lacking":[46],"adaptability.":[47],"We":[48,70,115],"propose":[49],"implement":[51],"DRKC,":[52],"a":[53,76],"novel":[54],"deep":[55],"reinforcement":[56],"learning-based":[57],"approach":[58],"that":[59],"addresses":[60],"these":[61],"challenges":[62],"by":[63],"improving":[64],"utilization":[66],"balancing":[68,150],"workloads.":[69],"model":[71],"problem":[74],"as":[75],"Markov":[77],"decision":[78],"process,":[79],"enabling":[80],"DRKC":[81,140],"to":[82,109,112],"automatically":[83],"learn":[84],"optimal":[85],"policies":[87],"from":[88,102],"real-time":[89],"system":[90],"data":[91],"without":[92],"predefined":[95],"heuristics.":[96],"The":[97],"work":[98],"synthesizes":[99],"state":[100],"information":[101],"multiple":[103],"clusters,":[104],"using":[105],"multidimensional":[106],"awareness":[108],"effectively":[110],"respond":[111],"changing":[113],"conditions.":[114],"evaluate":[116],"our":[117],"performance":[118],"in":[119,141],"three":[120],"thirteen":[124],"nodes":[125],"ninety-six":[127],"test":[128],"applications":[129],"different":[131],"requirements.":[133],"Experimental":[134],"results":[135],"validate":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"enhancing":[142],"overall":[143],"efficiency":[145],"achieving":[147],"superior":[148],"load":[149],"environments.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}