{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409494314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561586","title":"Secure kNN for Distributed Cloud Environment Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"Secure kNN for Distributed Cloud Environment Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409494314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3561586","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117171971","display_name":"Yuuya Fukuchi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuuya Fukuchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sota Hashimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4809-4247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sota Hashimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4809-4247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102709220","display_name":"Kazuya Sakai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3929-2533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuya Sakai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3929-2533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084127116","display_name":"Satoshi Fukumoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-6552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69740276","display_name":"Tokyo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ws30h19","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Fukumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-6552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hino, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69740276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060250892","display_name":"Min-Te Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-3831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Te Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-3831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001457193","display_name":"Wei\u2010Shinn Ku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8636-4689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Shinn Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8636-4689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91245019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"721","last_page":"736"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9466999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9466999769210815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.9377999901771545,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8654361367225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7802742719650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7592486143112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5710544586181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.503649890422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3535705506801605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19442147016525269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8654361367225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7802742719650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7592486143112183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5710544586181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.503649890422821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3535705506801605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19442147016525269}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3561586","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W236632755","https://openalex.org/W1521064342","https://openalex.org/W1675339804","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W1971991172","https://openalex.org/W1972622736","https://openalex.org/W2014784356","https://openalex.org/W2024956350","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2041480327","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2056609765","https://openalex.org/W2071825329","https://openalex.org/W2103747520","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2141420453","https://openalex.org/W2144798081","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2158112071","https://openalex.org/W2167094273","https://openalex.org/W2293934387","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2529398857","https://openalex.org/W2558212438","https://openalex.org/W2611334104","https://openalex.org/W2614081991","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2735032239","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2791390287","https://openalex.org/W2791459719","https://openalex.org/W2794031572","https://openalex.org/W2940697910","https://openalex.org/W3030680930","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3151268345","https://openalex.org/W3152310729","https://openalex.org/W3204274719","https://openalex.org/W4323644186","https://openalex.org/W4382999347","https://openalex.org/W4392908482","https://openalex.org/W6764622114","https://openalex.org/W6822826988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W4407007798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Privacy-preserving":[0],"k-nearest":[1],"neighbor":[2],"(PPkNN)":[3],"classification":[4,62],"for":[5],"multiple":[6,71],"clouds":[7,72],"enables":[8],"categorizing":[9],"queried":[10],"data":[11,18],"into":[12],"a":[13,35,40,57,104],"class":[14],"in":[15,52,70],"keeping":[16],"with":[17,129],"privacy,":[19],"where":[20],"the":[21,46,74,82,90,95,100,119,132,137,142,148],"database":[22,47],"and":[23,38,48,59,109,131,146],"key":[24,49],"servers":[25,101],"jointly":[26],"perform":[27],"cryptographic":[28,92],"operations.":[29],"The":[30],"existing":[31],"solutions,":[32],"unfortunately,":[33],"take":[34],"long":[36],"time":[37,145],"incur":[39],"large":[41],"amount":[42],"of":[43,97,122],"traffic":[44,112],"between":[45,99],"servers.":[50],"Therefore,":[51],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,78],"propose":[56],"fast":[58],"secure":[60],"kNN":[61,86],"protocol,":[63],"namely":[64],"FSkNN,":[65],"over":[66],"distributed":[67],"databases":[68],"deployed":[69],"under":[73],"semi-honest":[75],"model.":[76],"Particularly,":[77],"focus":[79],"on":[80],"optimizing":[81],"network-related":[83],"operations":[84],"during":[85],"classification.":[87],"That":[88],"is,":[89],"proposed":[91,138],"protocol":[93],"reduces":[94,147],"number":[96],"interactions":[98],"by":[102,113],"using":[103],"fully":[105],"homomorphic":[106],"encryption":[107],"scheme":[108,139],"eliminates":[110],"unnecessary":[111],"applying":[114],"mathematical":[115],"techniques.":[116],"In":[117],"addition,":[118],"indistinguishability-based":[120],"security":[121],"FSkNN":[123,128],"is":[124],"proven.":[125],"We":[126],"implemented":[127],"C++":[130],"testbed":[133],"experiments":[134],"demonstrate":[135],"that":[136],"significantly":[140],"facilitates":[141],"query":[143],"response":[144],"communication":[149],"cost.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}