{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409474060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561313","title":"SOCT: Secure Outsourcing Computation Toolkit Using Threshold ElGamal Algorithm","display_name":"SOCT: Secure Outsourcing Computation Toolkit Using Threshold ElGamal Algorithm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409474060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3561313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-7010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006161755","display_name":"Shang Ci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-9272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang Ci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5264-9272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003852858","display_name":"Donghai Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-9020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghai Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-9020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018100877","display_name":"\u00c7etin Kaya Ko\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-9565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c7etin Kaya Ko\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-9565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03287049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"711","last_page":"720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9325000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9325000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elgamal-encryption","display_name":"ElGamal encryption","score":0.8571984767913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.779033899307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.6243503093719482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5675665736198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5118181109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47165313363075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.46841779351234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36838775873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.23188117146492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.14945945143699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.12291136384010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.07766520977020264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11045955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162410","display_name":"ElGamal encryption","level":4,"score":0.8571984767913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.779033899307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6243503093719482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5675665736198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5118181109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47165313363075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.46841779351234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36838775873184204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.23188117146492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.14945945143699646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.12291136384010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.07766520977020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2025.3561313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2025.3561313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490653284","https://openalex.org/W1522597308","https://openalex.org/W1571926107","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2170561193","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2326245332","https://openalex.org/W2461759357","https://openalex.org/W2554750353","https://openalex.org/W2604462068","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2791459719","https://openalex.org/W2793031414","https://openalex.org/W2793118685","https://openalex.org/W2902117956","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W2991092021","https://openalex.org/W3004270304","https://openalex.org/W3195598474","https://openalex.org/W3202759580","https://openalex.org/W4200063575","https://openalex.org/W4210435346","https://openalex.org/W4230099306","https://openalex.org/W4312551589","https://openalex.org/W4323662993","https://openalex.org/W4360995128","https://openalex.org/W4382053015","https://openalex.org/W4387535173","https://openalex.org/W4388857983","https://openalex.org/W4396949757","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6800132622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307022753","https://openalex.org/W1492962392","https://openalex.org/W2765817767","https://openalex.org/W2358200898","https://openalex.org/W2325765407","https://openalex.org/W618293728","https://openalex.org/W4289744063","https://openalex.org/W2084042463","https://openalex.org/W2559360015","https://openalex.org/W2291845669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"computing":[1],"offers":[2],"inexpensive":[3],"and":[4,44,154],"scalable":[5],"solutions":[6],"for":[7,26,118,149,177],"data":[8,106,179],"processing,":[9],"however":[10],"privacy":[11],"concerns":[12],"often":[13,35],"hinder":[14],"the":[15,54,67,97,103,112,129],"outsourcing":[16],"of":[17,99,105,114],"sensitive":[18],"information.":[19],"Homomorphic":[20],"encryption":[21],"provides":[22],"a":[23,62,74,79,115,174],"promising":[24],"approach":[25],"secure":[27,156],"computations":[28],"over":[29],"encrypted":[30],"data.":[31,47,127],"However,":[32],"existing":[33,170],"models":[34],"rely":[36],"on":[37,66],"restrictive":[38],"assumptions,":[39],"such":[40],"as":[41],"semi-honest":[42],"adversaries":[43],"inaccessible":[45],"public":[46],"To":[48],"address":[49],"these":[50],"limitations,":[51],"we":[52],"introduce":[53],"Secure":[55],"Outsourcing":[56],"Computation":[57],"Toolkit":[58],"(SOCT),":[59],"which":[60],"is":[61],"novel":[63],"framework":[64],"based":[65],"threshold":[68,81,151],"ElGamal":[69,84,152],"cryptosystem.":[70],"The":[71,108],"toolkit":[72],"employs":[73],"dual-server":[75],"decryption":[76,120],"architecture":[77,88],"using":[78],"(2,2)":[80],"additively":[82],"homomorphic":[83],"(TAHEG)":[85],"algorithm.":[86],"This":[87],"ensures":[89],"that":[90,162],"ciphertexts":[91],"can":[92],"be":[93],"decrypted":[94],"only":[95],"with":[96,137],"cooperation":[98],"both":[100],"servers,":[101],"mitigating":[102],"risk":[104],"breaches.":[107],"TAHEG":[109],"algorithm":[110],"requires":[111],"input":[113],"secret":[116,142],"key":[117,130],"every":[119],"operation,":[121],"preventing":[122],"unauthorized":[123],"access":[124],"to":[125,169],"plaintext":[126],"Moreover,":[128],"generation":[131],"process":[132],"does":[133],"not":[134],"burden":[135],"users":[136],"generating":[138],"or":[139],"distributing":[140],"partial":[141],"keys.":[143],"We":[144],"provide":[145],"rigorous":[146],"security":[147],"proofs":[148],"our":[150],"cryptosystem":[153],"associated":[155],"computation":[157],"functions.":[158],"Experimental":[159],"results":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"SOCT":[163],"achieves":[164],"significant":[165],"efficiency":[166],"gains":[167],"compared":[168],"toolkits,":[171],"making":[172],"it":[173],"practical":[175],"choice":[176],"privacy-preserving":[178],"outsourcing.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}