{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3021813981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2992537","title":"Resource Allocation for Cloud-Based Software Services Using Prediction-Enabled Feedback Control With Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Resource Allocation for Cloud-Based Software Services Using Prediction-Enabled Feedback Control With Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3021813981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2992537","mag":"3021813981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2020.2992537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2992537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371774","display_name":"Xing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-3528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","Fujian Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026057161","display_name":"Fangning Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangning Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","Fujian Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004385468","display_name":"Zheyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6349-068X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770003","display_name":"Geyong Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1395-7314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geyong Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040927683","display_name":"Xianghan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8047-3059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","Fujian Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108044249","display_name":"Chunming Rong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8347-0539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92008406","display_name":"University of Stavanger","ror":"https://ror.org/02qte9q33","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92008406"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100371774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.7063,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97968426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1117","last_page":"1129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7474719285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.727178692817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6840872168540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.650903582572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5994833111763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5572289228439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.549349308013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5274256467819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.5240845084190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.4575026333332062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.43930381536483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43462860584259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42239898443222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.394734263420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24901577830314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15871873497962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10730969905853271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7474719285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.727178692817688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6840872168540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.650903582572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5994833111763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5572289228439331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.549349308013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5274256467819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.5240845084190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4575026333332062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.43930381536483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43462860584259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42239898443222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.394734263420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24901577830314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15871873497962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10730969905853271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2020.2992537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2992537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5583970484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706210072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966715578","https://openalex.org/W2090827575","https://openalex.org/W2298230701","https://openalex.org/W2327096688","https://openalex.org/W2327383306","https://openalex.org/W2335146458","https://openalex.org/W2344945118","https://openalex.org/W2364584108","https://openalex.org/W2417889512","https://openalex.org/W2460751481","https://openalex.org/W2509954358","https://openalex.org/W2548190809","https://openalex.org/W2597068831","https://openalex.org/W2605846973","https://openalex.org/W2674963269","https://openalex.org/W2745047326","https://openalex.org/W2751313252","https://openalex.org/W2765587865","https://openalex.org/W2769797391","https://openalex.org/W2792955298","https://openalex.org/W2793142602","https://openalex.org/W2794101494","https://openalex.org/W2795328742","https://openalex.org/W2804070368","https://openalex.org/W2808406789","https://openalex.org/W2896560674","https://openalex.org/W2901046508","https://openalex.org/W2911905108","https://openalex.org/W2925170008","https://openalex.org/W2932640037","https://openalex.org/W2947931578","https://openalex.org/W2962806975","https://openalex.org/W2986615528","https://openalex.org/W2996131224","https://openalex.org/W3101073082","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6713134421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963870908","https://openalex.org/W2310750045","https://openalex.org/W2042072109","https://openalex.org/W2122084023","https://openalex.org/W3212477594","https://openalex.org/W2792071139","https://openalex.org/W2804357747","https://openalex.org/W2024969333","https://openalex.org/W2129464557","https://openalex.org/W2883976111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"time-varying":[1],"workloads":[2],"and":[3,17,39,58,72,187,193,200],"service":[4],"requests,":[5],"cloud-based":[6,31],"software":[7,32],"services":[8,33],"necessitate":[9],"adaptive":[10],"resource":[11,19,28,102,146,175],"allocation":[12,29,147,176],"for":[13,30,133],"guaranteeing":[14],"Quality-of-Service":[15],"(QoS)":[16],"reducing":[18],"costs.":[20,60],"However,":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,55,77,114],"the":[24,66,69,81,116,140,144,161,168,171,182,190],"ever-changing":[25],"system":[26,125],"states,":[27],"faces":[34],"huge":[35],"challenges":[36],"in":[37,80],"dynamics":[38],"complexity.":[40],"The":[41,127],"traditional":[42],"approaches":[43],"mostly":[44],"rely":[45],"on":[46],"expert":[47],"knowledge":[48],"or":[49],"numerous":[50],"iterations,":[51],"which":[52],"might":[53],"lead":[54],"weak":[56],"adaptiveness":[57],"extra":[59],"Moreover,":[61,181],"existing":[62],"RL-based":[63],"methods":[64,195],"target":[65],"environment":[67],"with":[68,84,98,177],"fixed":[70],"workload,":[71],"thus":[73],"they":[74],"are":[75],"unable":[76],"effectively":[78],"fit":[79],"real-world":[82],"scenarios":[83],"variable":[85],"workloads.":[86],"To":[87],"address":[88],"these":[89],"important":[90],"challenges,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93],"a":[94,107,154],"Prediction-enabled":[95],"feedback":[96],"Control":[97],"Reinforcement":[99],"learning":[100],"based":[101,157],"Allocation":[103],"(PCRA)":[104],"method.":[105],"First,":[106],"novel":[108],"Q-value":[109,136],"prediction":[110,131,137],"model":[111,128],"is":[112],"designed":[113],"predict":[115],"values":[117],"of":[118,174],"management":[119,172],"operations":[120,173],"(by":[121],"Q-values)":[122],"at":[123],"different":[124],"states.":[126],"uses":[129],"multiple":[130],"learners":[132],"making":[134],"accurate":[135],"by":[138,152,196],"integrating":[139],"Q-learning":[141],"algorithm.":[142,159],"Next,":[143],"objective":[145],"plans":[148],"can":[149],"be":[150],"found":[151],"using":[153],"new":[155],"feedback-control":[156],"decision-making":[158],"Using":[160],"RUBiS":[162],"benchmark,":[163],"simulation":[164],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"that":[167],"PCRA":[169,183],"chooses":[170],"93.7":[178],"percent":[179],"correctness.":[180],"achieves":[184],"optimal/near-optimal":[185],"performance,":[186],"it":[188],"outperforms":[189],"classic":[191],"ML-based":[192],"rule-based":[194],"5<inline-formula><tex-math":[197],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\sim$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mo>&#x223C;</mml:mo></mml:math><inline-graphic":[198,202],"xlink:href=\"chen-ieq1-2992537.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>7&#x0025;":[199],"10<inline-formula><tex-math":[201],"xlink:href=\"chen-ieq2-2992537.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>13&#x0025;,":[203],"respectively.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}