{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3003866693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2969353","title":"Bio-Inspired Formal Model for Space/Time Virtual Machine Randomization and Diversification","display_name":"Bio-Inspired Formal Model for Space/Time Virtual Machine Randomization and Diversification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3003866693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2969353","mag":"3003866693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2020.2969353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2969353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009977666","display_name":"Noor Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-6244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noor Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["AFRL/RI, Rome, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-6244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AFRL/RI, Rome, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077320731","display_name":"Bharat Bhargava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-8672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharat Bhargava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-8672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82983203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1190","last_page":"1200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7280009388923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5877094864845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5607929825782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3970339596271515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38684263825416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.37144163250923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34784209728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.19204580783843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1847037374973297}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7280009388923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5877094864845276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5607929825782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3970339596271515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38684263825416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.37144163250923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34784209728240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.19204580783843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1847037374973297}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2020.2969353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2020.2969353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104805067","https://openalex.org/W132783531","https://openalex.org/W283331856","https://openalex.org/W308828292","https://openalex.org/W1636244751","https://openalex.org/W1968205029","https://openalex.org/W1984451560","https://openalex.org/W1986495842","https://openalex.org/W2029418637","https://openalex.org/W2071519731","https://openalex.org/W2075065983","https://openalex.org/W2101699859","https://openalex.org/W2110575115","https://openalex.org/W2110880385","https://openalex.org/W2111817346","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2129586531","https://openalex.org/W2147442166","https://openalex.org/W2154555738","https://openalex.org/W2171772495","https://openalex.org/W2293287097","https://openalex.org/W2398834287","https://openalex.org/W2402242411","https://openalex.org/W2461411193","https://openalex.org/W2494110282","https://openalex.org/W2532467204","https://openalex.org/W2756422721","https://openalex.org/W2791778159","https://openalex.org/W2883263864","https://openalex.org/W4212875940","https://openalex.org/W4297918182","https://openalex.org/W6610824384","https://openalex.org/W6629841916","https://openalex.org/W6649948755","https://openalex.org/W6676404962","https://openalex.org/W6677689127","https://openalex.org/W6712695640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W4205786897","https://openalex.org/W3150465815","https://openalex.org/W572531444","https://openalex.org/W2921575628","https://openalex.org/W2174174426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Studies":[0],"on":[1],"resiliency":[2],"against":[3],"system":[4,64,95],"attacks":[5,139],"have":[6],"contributed":[7],"well":[8],"established":[9],"defensive":[10,74],"techniques,":[11],"sound":[12],"protocols":[13],"and":[14,28,66,97,134,140],"paradigms":[15],"in":[16,105],"distributed":[17],"systems\u2019":[18],"literature.":[19],"One":[20],"of":[21,42,52,114],"this":[22,62,85],"contribution":[23],"is":[24,32],"credited":[25],"to":[26,34,77],"redundancy":[27],"replication":[29],"techniques":[30],"which":[31],"proven":[33],"be":[35],"a":[36,58,79,89,98,106,118],"double\u2013edged\u2013sword,":[37],"by":[38],"increasing":[39],"the":[40,46,50,112,115,126],"number":[41],"nodes":[43],"inherently":[44],"increases":[45],"system's":[47],"attack-vector":[48],"\u2013":[49],"set":[51],"ways":[53],"an":[54,72],"attacker":[55],"can":[56],"compromise":[57],"system.":[59],"To":[60],"remedy":[61],"issue,":[63],"randomization":[65],"diversification":[67],"has":[68],"been":[69],"considered":[70],"as":[71,78],"effective":[73],"strategy,":[75],"referred":[76],"Moving":[80],"Target":[81],"Defense":[82],"(MTD).":[83],"In":[84],"article,":[86],"we":[87],"introduce":[88],"bio-inspired":[90],"formal":[91],"model":[92,116],"for":[93,101],"space/time":[94],"randomization/diversification":[96],"quantification":[99],"scheme":[100],"virtual":[102],"machines":[103],"(VMs)":[104],"cloud":[107,127],"computing":[108],"environment.":[109],"We":[110],"show":[111],"practicality":[113],"with":[117,136],"MTD":[119],"framework":[120],"<italic":[121,131],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[122,132],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">(Mayflies)</i>":[123],"integrated":[124],"into":[125],"management":[128],"software":[129],"stack":[130],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">(OpenStack)</i>":[133],"illustrate":[135],"realistic":[137],"VM":[138],"proactive":[141],"defense":[142],"use":[143],"cases.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}