{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2891708894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2018.2882505","title":"On the Fly Orchestration of Unikernels: Tuning and Performance Evaluation of Virtual Infrastructure Managers","display_name":"On the Fly Orchestration of Unikernels: Tuning and Performance Evaluation of Virtual Infrastructure Managers","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2891708894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2018.2882505","mag":"2891708894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2018.2882505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2018.2882505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084496684","display_name":"Pier Luigi Ventre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-0547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pier Luigi Ventre","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Parma, Italy","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-0547","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087402937","display_name":"Paolo Lungaroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-0584"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Lungaroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022168600","display_name":"Giuseppe Siracusano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8960-4622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Siracusano","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Labs Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061051948","display_name":"Claudio Pisa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9692-9222"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Pisa","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018762132","display_name":"Florian Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2307-2579"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Labs Europe, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs Europe, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022240766","display_name":"Francesco Lombardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8734-2788"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Lombardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Parma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8734-2788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079293206","display_name":"Stefano Salsano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-3559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Salsano","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Parma, Italy","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-3559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084496684"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9542,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87792029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"710","last_page":"723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8116546869277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7913075089454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.7746627926826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-network","display_name":"Virtual network","score":0.6403248906135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.6363447308540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5161107778549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4989628791809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.4447008967399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4192020893096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4107893109321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4106394946575165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3770475387573242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8116546869277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7913075089454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.7746627926826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776874963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4112081","display_name":"Virtual network","level":2,"score":0.6403248906135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6363447308540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5161107778549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4989628791809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.4447008967399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4192020893096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4107893109321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4106394946575165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3770475387573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2018.2882505","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2018.2882505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:art.torvergata.it:2108/216143","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2108/216143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400993","display_name":"Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","host_organization_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1435010830","https://openalex.org/W1730242439","https://openalex.org/W1969373447","https://openalex.org/W1977367431","https://openalex.org/W2031118944","https://openalex.org/W2065774770","https://openalex.org/W2078477838","https://openalex.org/W2182922202","https://openalex.org/W2215764001","https://openalex.org/W2234017516","https://openalex.org/W2260783129","https://openalex.org/W2474498303","https://openalex.org/W2577473134","https://openalex.org/W2612779811","https://openalex.org/W2649165775","https://openalex.org/W2724677152","https://openalex.org/W2761578098","https://openalex.org/W3160784102","https://openalex.org/W4393645484","https://openalex.org/W6628561984","https://openalex.org/W6637423657","https://openalex.org/W6686279596","https://openalex.org/W6688387316","https://openalex.org/W6863820715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2088620127","https://openalex.org/W2743348030","https://openalex.org/W2947629119","https://openalex.org/W1963799338","https://openalex.org/W2542775576","https://openalex.org/W2900408237","https://openalex.org/W2036412865","https://openalex.org/W2906562101","https://openalex.org/W2545334782","https://openalex.org/W2160597328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0,20,73],"operators":[1],"are":[2,27,183],"facing":[3],"significant":[4,49],"challenges":[5],"meeting":[6],"the":[7,59,70,82,90,99,105,115,129,143,147,156,159,168],"demand":[8],"for":[9,89,149],"more":[10],"bandwidth,":[11],"agile":[12],"infrastructures,":[13],"innovative":[14],"services,":[15],"while":[16],"keeping":[17],"costs":[18],"low.":[19],"Functions":[21,74],"Virtualization":[22],"(NFV)":[23],"and":[24,48,66,108,121,139,152,173,179],"Cloud":[25,54],"Computing":[26,55],"emerging":[28],"as":[29],"key":[30],"trends":[31],"of":[32,42,84,92,118,131,158,167],"5G":[33],"network":[34,61],"architectures,":[35],"providing":[36],"flexibility,":[37],"fast":[38],"instantiation":[39,116,160],"times,":[40],"support":[41,148],"Commercial":[43],"Off":[44],"The":[45,176],"Shelf":[46],"hardware":[47,68],"cost":[50],"savings.":[51],"NFV":[52,106],"leverages":[53],"principles":[56],"to":[57,69],"move":[58],"data-plane":[60],"functions":[62],"from":[63,128],"expensive,":[64],"closed":[65],"proprietary":[67],"so-called":[71],"Virtual":[72,100],"(VNFs).":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"paper":[78],"we":[79],"deal":[80],"with":[81],"management":[83],"virtual":[85,119],"computing":[86],"resources":[87,120],"(Unikernels)":[88],"execution":[91],"VNFs.":[93],"This":[94],"functionality":[95],"is":[96],"performed":[97],"by":[98],"Infrastructure":[101],"Manager":[102],"(VIM)":[103],"in":[104],"MANagement":[107],"Orchestration":[109],"(MANO)":[110],"reference":[111,125],"architecture.":[112],"We":[113,141,162],"discuss":[114],"process":[117],"propose":[122],"a":[123,186],"generic":[124],"model,":[126],"starting":[127],"analysis":[130],"three":[132],"open":[133,188],"source":[134,189],"VIMs,":[135,169],"namely":[136],"OpenStack,":[137],"Nomad":[138],"OpenVIM.":[140],"improve":[142],"aforementioned":[144],"VIMs":[145],"introducing":[146],"special-purpose":[150],"Unikernels":[151],"aiming":[153],"at":[154],"reducing":[155],"duration":[157],"process.":[161],"evaluate":[163],"some":[164],"performance":[165,180],"aspects":[166],"considering":[170],"both":[171],"stock":[172],"tuned":[174],"versions.":[175],"VIM":[177],"extensions":[178],"evaluation":[181],"tools":[182],"available":[184],"under":[185],"liberal":[187],"licence.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
