{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2766194062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2017.2767043","title":"A Carbon-Aware Incentive Mechanism for Greening Colocation Data Centers","display_name":"A Carbon-Aware Incentive Mechanism for Greening Colocation Data Centers","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2766194062","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2017.2767043","mag":"2766194062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2017.2767043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2017.2767043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082235371","display_name":"Mohammad A. Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5778-4366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad A. Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5778-4366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009493505","display_name":"Hasan Mahmud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-4181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Mahmud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon, Seattle"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon, Seattle","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000834239","display_name":"Shaolei Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-4324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaolei Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Riverside"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-4324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658019","display_name":"Xiaorui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-1418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4479,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65287853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.8145864009857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7571859359741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6866362690925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.5771816372871399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.551935076713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4779896140098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.44993332028388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-tax","display_name":"Carbon tax","score":0.448978066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.43601739406585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3526688814163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","score":0.26422762870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.15989074110984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14169126749038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.12477189302444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10893392562866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10448428988456726}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.8145864009857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7571859359741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6866362690925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5771816372871399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.551935076713562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4779896140098572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.44993332028388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288401","display_name":"Carbon tax","level":3,"score":0.448978066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.43601739406585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3526688814163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.26422762870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15989074110984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14169126749038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.12477189302444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10893392562866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10448428988456726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcc.2017.2767043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2017.2767043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2492498579","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","issn_l":"2168-7161","issn":["2168-7161","2372-0018"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1027486159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1263124","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2586490799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1610471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5742849617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1565474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7235722700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1421452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G78861290","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1551661","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528656891","https://openalex.org/W1947078470","https://openalex.org/W1977033871","https://openalex.org/W1979085078","https://openalex.org/W1995587272","https://openalex.org/W1999971903","https://openalex.org/W2018715040","https://openalex.org/W2027813323","https://openalex.org/W2037965472","https://openalex.org/W2055077314","https://openalex.org/W2056710642","https://openalex.org/W2060204338","https://openalex.org/W2067019903","https://openalex.org/W2068060907","https://openalex.org/W2075233755","https://openalex.org/W2080853328","https://openalex.org/W2097281067","https://openalex.org/W2123017553","https://openalex.org/W2131889098","https://openalex.org/W2135798231","https://openalex.org/W2137152139","https://openalex.org/W2138037007","https://openalex.org/W2139041001","https://openalex.org/W2141350004","https://openalex.org/W2155195319","https://openalex.org/W2164079218","https://openalex.org/W2168245849","https://openalex.org/W2171519206","https://openalex.org/W2222085488","https://openalex.org/W2254790089","https://openalex.org/W2313936714","https://openalex.org/W2323604125","https://openalex.org/W2433512484","https://openalex.org/W2566503985","https://openalex.org/W2963189049","https://openalex.org/W6660051371","https://openalex.org/W6683032898","https://openalex.org/W6689028692","https://openalex.org/W6731401591"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055187606","https://openalex.org/W1498304890","https://openalex.org/W4214914670","https://openalex.org/W2037023427","https://openalex.org/W1969542292","https://openalex.org/W3006216828","https://openalex.org/W2084875360","https://openalex.org/W3123077549","https://openalex.org/W2904165227","https://openalex.org/W2770088598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"massive":[1],"energy":[2,139],"consumption":[3],"of":[4,27,55,101,198],"data":[5,44,48,56,59,104],"centers":[6,45],"worldwide":[7],"has":[8],"resulted":[9],"in":[10,133,165,200],"a":[11,24,64,113,125,166],"large":[12],"carbon":[13,68,89,99,167,219],"footprint,":[14],"raising":[15],"serious":[16],"concerns":[17],"to":[18,34,67,84,175,186,223,236],"sustainable":[19],"IT":[20],"initiatives":[21],"and":[22,144,207],"attracting":[23],"great":[25],"amount":[26],"research":[28],"attention.":[29],"Nonetheless,":[30],"the":[31,72,98,109,119,176,188,196,218,232,237],"current":[32],"efforts":[33],"date,":[35],"despite":[36],"encouraging,":[37],"have":[38],"been":[39],"primarily":[40],"centered":[41],"around":[42],"owner-operated":[43],"(e.g.,":[46],"Google":[47],"center),":[49],"leaving":[50],"out":[51],"another":[52],"major":[53,65],"segment":[54],"center":[57],"industry-colocation":[58],"centers-much":[60],"less":[61],"explored.":[62],"As":[63],"hindrance":[66],"efficiency":[69],"desired":[70],"by":[71,123,221],"operator,":[73],"colocation":[74,103,189,233],"suffers":[75],"from":[76],"\u201csplit":[77,120],"incentive\u201d:":[78],"tenants":[79,135,242],"may":[80],"not":[81],"be":[82],"willing":[83],"manage":[85],"their":[86,150],"servers":[87],"for":[88,138,231,246],"efficiency.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"paper,":[93],"we":[94,160],"aim":[95],"at":[96,141,154],"minimizing":[97],"footprint":[100,168,220],"geo-distributed":[102],"centers,":[105],"while":[106,183,241],"ensuring":[107],"that":[108,162,214],"operator's":[110,190],"cost":[111,230],"meets":[112],"long-term":[114,191],"budget":[115,192],"constraint.":[116,193],"We":[117,194],"overcome":[118],"incentive\u201d":[121],"hurdle":[122],"devising":[124],"novel":[126],"online":[127],"carbon-aware":[128],"incentive":[129],"mechanism,":[130],"called":[131],"GreenColo,":[132],"which":[134],"voluntarily":[136],"bid":[137],"reduction":[140],"self-determined":[142],"prices":[143],"will":[145],"receive":[146,243],"financial":[147,244],"rewards":[148,245],"if":[149],"bids":[151],"are":[152],"accepted":[153],"runtime.":[155],"Using":[156],"trace":[157],"based":[158],"simulation":[159,205],"show":[161,213],"GreenColo":[163,199,215],"results":[164,212],"fairly":[169],"close":[170],"(23":[171],"versus":[172],"18":[173],"percent)":[174],"optimal":[177],"offline":[178],"solution":[179],"with":[180],"future":[181],"information,":[182],"being":[184],"able":[185],"satisfy":[187],"demonstrate":[195],"effectiveness":[197],"practical":[201],"scenarios":[202],"via":[203],"both":[204],"studies":[206],"scaled-down":[208],"prototype":[209],"experiments.":[210],"Our":[211],"can":[216],"reduce":[217],"up":[222],"24":[224],"percent":[225],"without":[226,248],"incurring":[227],"any":[228],"additional":[229],"operator":[234],"(compared":[235],"no-incentive":[238],"baseline":[239],"case),":[240],"\u201cfree\u201d":[247],"violating":[249],"service":[250],"level":[251],"agreement.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
