{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414230415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3610741","title":"Heterogeneous Covariates-Aware Pseudo Supervised Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Diabetes Classification","display_name":"Heterogeneous Covariates-Aware Pseudo Supervised Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Diabetes Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414230415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3610741","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40956728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3610741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3610741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043","2998-4165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2474-195X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2474-195X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431623","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-9742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124809","display_name":"Peking University People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/035adwg89","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing, China","Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x0027;s Hospital, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x0027;s Hospital, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027437503","display_name":"Deheng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-0621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deheng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIIT Key Laboratory of Servo Motion System Drive and Control, School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-0621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIIT Key Laboratory of Servo Motion System Drive and Control, School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036949656","display_name":"Linong Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-1598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124809","display_name":"Peking University People's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/035adwg89","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linong Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing, China","Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x0027;s Hospital, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-1598","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x2019;s Hospital, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People&#x0027;s Hospital, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I4210124809"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074670449","display_name":"Dawei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-7502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-7502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100775243","display_name":"Ke Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-7365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115444775","display_name":"Qian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0642-2872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4788,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94243151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"3090","last_page":"3100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.45989999175071716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.45989999175071716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.1615000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.2667999863624573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3610741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3610741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043","2998-4165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40956728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40956728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2350401972","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JQ24025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2739776061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62403059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956490759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62261160575","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078167380","https://openalex.org/W2567608683","https://openalex.org/W2616009730","https://openalex.org/W2758818073","https://openalex.org/W2955805844","https://openalex.org/W2956123709","https://openalex.org/W3014011074","https://openalex.org/W3106920072","https://openalex.org/W3130628155","https://openalex.org/W3163842339","https://openalex.org/W3175581533","https://openalex.org/W3178109510","https://openalex.org/W3201701294","https://openalex.org/W4283785752","https://openalex.org/W4309665373","https://openalex.org/W4319002783","https://openalex.org/W4322761615","https://openalex.org/W4380369663","https://openalex.org/W4385574108"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,144,164,185,200],"limited":[2,213],"labeled":[3,41,214],"data":[4,31,82,119,134],"hinders":[5],"the":[6,14,67,73,89,105,115,133,196],"application":[7],"of":[8,16,53,69,78,118,176,182],"medical":[9,93],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"technology":[12],"in":[13,140],"field":[15],"diabetes":[17,36,153,191,207],"classification.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"a":[22,125,141],"pseudo-label":[23],"supervised":[24],"meta-learning":[25,65,127],"algorithm":[26,128,166],"supported":[27,136],"by":[28,137],"heterogeneous":[29,103,138],"covariates":[30,139],"is":[32,129,147,167],"proposed":[33,130,165,186],"to":[34,49,59,131,159,195],"implement":[35],"classification":[37,154,192,208],"tasks":[38,63,209],"with":[39,210],"fewer":[40],"samples.":[42],"METHODS:":[43],"First,":[44],"clustering":[45],"algorithms":[46],"are":[47,56,83,108],"employed":[48],"generate":[50],"pseudo":[51],"labels":[52],"samples,":[54],"which":[55],"further":[57],"used":[58],"create":[60],"multiple":[61,111],"pseudo-supervised":[62,126],"for":[64,114,190,206],"within":[66],"framework":[68],"few-shot":[70],"learning.":[71],"Second,":[72],"time":[74],"and":[75,120,178,212],"date":[76],"features":[77,135],"dynamically":[79],"monitored":[80],"glucose":[81],"extracted":[84],"as":[85,97],"dynamic":[86],"covariates,":[87,104],"while":[88],"physiological":[90],"indicators":[91],"from":[92,110],"single":[94],"sampling":[95],"serve":[96],"static":[98],"covariates.":[99],"By":[100],"incorporating":[101],"these":[102],"model":[106,146],"inputs":[107],"enriched":[109],"perspectives,":[112],"compensating":[113],"homogeneity":[116],"deficiency":[117],"providing":[121],"complementary":[122],"information.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"learn":[132],"task-driven":[142],"manner.":[143],"optimal":[145],"then":[148],"fine-tuned":[149],"on":[150],"downstream":[151],"real":[152],"tasks,":[155],"enabling":[156],"rapid":[157],"adaptation":[158],"unseen":[160],"new":[161],"tasks.":[162],"RESULTS:":[163],"thoroughly":[168],"evaluated":[169],"using":[170],"clinical":[171],"data,":[172],"achieving":[173],"an":[174,179,203],"accuracy":[175],"95.994%":[177],"F1":[180],"score":[181],"91.261%.":[183],"CONCLUSION:":[184],"method":[187],"remains":[188],"preferable":[189],"when":[193],"compared":[194],"state-of-the-art":[197],"methods.":[198],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[199],"approach":[201],"offers":[202],"effective":[204],"strategy":[205],"incomplete":[211],"data.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
