{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409356790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3560097","title":"An Improved Conditional Wasserstein GAN With Gradient Penalty for Gene Expression Profiling Data Augmentation Based on Data Segmentation and Depth Feature Constraint","display_name":"An Improved Conditional Wasserstein GAN With Gradient Penalty for Gene Expression Profiling Data Augmentation Based on Data Segmentation and Depth Feature Constraint","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409356790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3560097","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40811341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3560097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3560097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042751","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2998-4165","issn":["2998-4165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101984030","display_name":"Fei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-6888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering &amp; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering &amp; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064139669","display_name":"Yutao Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115592961","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering &amp; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering &amp; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Security Technology for Industrial Cybersapce, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041893866","display_name":"Qing-Hua Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087988017","display_name":"Henry Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-6719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157394403","display_name":"Baylor University","ror":"https://ror.org/005781934","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA","School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157394403"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101984030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115592961","https://openalex.org/I4210096899"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69934106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"1401","last_page":"1414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9383000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.6777327656745911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6363674402236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5715657472610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.5470501184463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.523172914981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression-profiling","display_name":"Gene expression profiling","score":0.51180499792099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5021088123321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4814842939376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4775218069553375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41926804184913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression","display_name":"Gene expression","score":0.3503686487674713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31511348485946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.30280929803848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.18383675813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.13557204604148865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6777327656745911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6363674402236938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5715657472610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5470501184463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.523172914981842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18431079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502169","display_name":"Gene expression profiling","level":4,"score":0.51180499792099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5021088123321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4814842939376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4775218069553375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41926804184913635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.3503686487674713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31511348485946655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.30280929803848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.18383675813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.13557204604148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3560097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbbio.2025.3560097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407042751","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2998-4165","issn":["2998-4165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40811341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40811341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6109895777","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967127231","https://openalex.org/W2019683663","https://openalex.org/W2041184937","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2229332794","https://openalex.org/W2942077508","https://openalex.org/W2964024144","https://openalex.org/W2964184826","https://openalex.org/W2991938283","https://openalex.org/W3021496598","https://openalex.org/W3087899141","https://openalex.org/W3107573522","https://openalex.org/W3117879684","https://openalex.org/W3156304677","https://openalex.org/W3192698197","https://openalex.org/W4200472276","https://openalex.org/W4205481247","https://openalex.org/W4281646369","https://openalex.org/W4281759935","https://openalex.org/W4285116605","https://openalex.org/W4307512521","https://openalex.org/W4308887828","https://openalex.org/W4313134096","https://openalex.org/W4319049324","https://openalex.org/W4360860566","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6685352114","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6736155344","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6746775625","https://openalex.org/W6774049480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161444195","https://openalex.org/W2985540061","https://openalex.org/W2589019771","https://openalex.org/W2185012154","https://openalex.org/W4252521128","https://openalex.org/W2104014222","https://openalex.org/W4287867321","https://openalex.org/W2911183501","https://openalex.org/W2153465672","https://openalex.org/W2150718212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"practical":[1],"medical":[2],"diagnosis,":[3],"small":[4],"sample":[5,85],"sizes":[6],"in":[7],"gene":[8,172],"expression":[9,173],"profiling":[10,174],"data":[11,35,80],"can":[12],"lead":[13],"to":[14,33,49,161,194],"overfitting.":[15],"Addressing":[16],"this,":[17],"we":[18,64,96],"leverage":[19],"the":[20,23,42,66,76,90,104,107,127,137,144,151,158],"potential":[21],"of":[22,44,78],"Conditional":[24],"Wasserstein":[25],"Generative":[26],"Adversarial":[27],"Network":[28],"with":[29],"Gradient":[30],"Penalty":[31],"(CWGAN-GP)":[32],"amplify":[34],"volumes.":[36],"However,":[37],"it":[38,181],"lacks":[39],"control":[40],"over":[41],"locations":[43],"generated":[45],"samples":[46,98,187],"and":[47,56,102,146],"struggles":[48],"get":[50],"a":[51,79,121,141,162],"better":[52],"balance":[53],"between":[54,143],"discriminators":[55],"generators":[57],"during":[58],"training.":[59],"To":[60],"overcome":[61],"these":[62],"hurdles,":[63],"propose":[65],"Improved":[67],"CWGAN-GP,":[68],"implementing":[69],"two":[70],"critical":[71],"improvements.":[72],"The":[73,116],"first":[74],"involves":[75],"adoption":[77],"segmentation":[81],"strategy":[82,156],"based":[83,125],"on":[84,126,168],"influence":[86,91],"scores.":[87],"By":[88],"calculating":[89],"score":[92],"for":[93],"each":[94],"sample,":[95],"prioritize":[97],"at":[99],"decision":[100,114],"boundaries":[101],"outside":[103],"distributions":[105],"as":[106],"training":[108],"set,":[109],"thus":[110],"yielding":[111],"more":[112],"explicit":[113],"boundaries.":[115],"second":[117],"enhancement":[118],"is":[119,131],"that":[120,180],"depth":[122],"feature":[123],"constraint":[124,142],"Pearson":[128,152],"correlation":[129,153],"coefficient":[130],"proposed.":[132],"Here,":[133],"an":[134],"encoder":[135],"extracts":[136],"deep":[138,147],"features,":[139],"applying":[140],"noise":[145],"features":[148],"guided":[149],"by":[150],"coefficient.":[154],"This":[155],"navigates":[157],"model":[159],"closer":[160],"Nash":[163],"equilibrium.":[164],"Empirical":[165],"evaluations":[166],"conducted":[167],"six":[169],"publicly":[170],"available":[171],"datasets":[175],"validate":[176],"our":[177],"approach,":[178],"demonstrating":[179],"not":[182],"only":[183],"generates":[184],"higher":[185],"quality":[186],"but":[188],"also":[189],"showcases":[190],"superior":[191],"stability":[192],"compared":[193],"existing":[195],"methods.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
