{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225154151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2022.3171388","title":"Improving Biomedical Question Answering by Data Augmentation and Model Weighting","display_name":"Improving Biomedical Question Answering by Data Augmentation and Model Weighting","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225154151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2022.3171388","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35486563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2022.3171388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2022.3171388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007940049","display_name":"Yongping Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6867-2063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongping Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100603268","display_name":"Jingya Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0373-1696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingya Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0373-1696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048356518","display_name":"Yuxuan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-0540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8520-0540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036942409","display_name":"Yiliang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9556-0785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiliang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082011622","display_name":"Xingnan Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingnan Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1809,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81559271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1114","last_page":"1124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8022785186767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.7325326204299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.6631810665130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6306726932525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5817959904670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5553255081176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5329416990280151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5281524658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49289798736572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.49252137541770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.46389320492744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labeled-data","display_name":"Labeled data","score":0.462990403175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.34219083189964294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07321041822433472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8022785186767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.7325326204299927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.6631810665130615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6306726932525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5817959904670715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5553255081176758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5329416990280151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5281524658203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49289798736572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.49252137541770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.46389320492744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.462990403175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.34219083189964294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07321041822433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2022.3171388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2022.3171388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35486563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35486563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G817805712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019YFC1906002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8620392436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4212013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981208470","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2516196286","https://openalex.org/W2551396370","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2936597270","https://openalex.org/W2949615363","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W3004731381","https://openalex.org/W3005193031","https://openalex.org/W3013838212","https://openalex.org/W3034750657","https://openalex.org/W3034862985","https://openalex.org/W3034987253","https://openalex.org/W3035359051","https://openalex.org/W3035408713","https://openalex.org/W3095609828","https://openalex.org/W3103227045","https://openalex.org/W3104486441","https://openalex.org/W3173601785","https://openalex.org/W3173826007","https://openalex.org/W3175042000","https://openalex.org/W3175519734","https://openalex.org/W3186342155","https://openalex.org/W4297979306","https://openalex.org/W6632455782","https://openalex.org/W6692878851","https://openalex.org/W6729654139","https://openalex.org/W6737778391","https://openalex.org/W6751097180","https://openalex.org/W6780640107","https://openalex.org/W6783696804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214678372","https://openalex.org/W1605559518","https://openalex.org/W4214601164","https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W3091989500","https://openalex.org/W3215363805","https://openalex.org/W204133468","https://openalex.org/W2991310128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biomedical":[0],"Question":[1],"Answering":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,8,17,27,61,67,79,128,148,164,190],"extract":[5],"an":[6],"answer":[7,101],"the":[9,18,41,47,62,69,81,99,108,130,133,156,165],"given":[10],"question":[11,34,194],"from":[12,140,181],"a":[13,94],"biomedical":[14,104,120,137,198],"context.":[15],"Due":[16],"strong":[19],"professionalism":[20],"of":[21,43,110,132],"specific":[22,32],"domain,":[23,105],"it's":[24],"more":[25,192],"difficult":[26],"build":[28],"large-scale":[29],"datasets":[30],"for":[31,98],"domain":[33,121],"answering.":[35],"Existing":[36],"methods":[37],"are":[38,77],"limited":[39],"by":[40,143],"lack":[42],"training":[44,127],"data,":[45],"and":[46,88,116,168,184],"performance":[48,158],"is":[49,146,188],"not":[50],"as":[51,53],"good":[52],"in":[54,103,119,172,197],"open-domain":[55,113],"settings,":[56],"especially":[57],"degrading":[58],"when":[59],"facing":[60],"adversarial":[63,126,185],"sample.":[64],"We":[65],"try":[66],"resolve":[68],"above":[70],"issues.":[71],"First,":[72],"effective":[73],"data":[74,182],"augmentation":[75,183],"strategies":[76],"adopted":[78],"improve":[80],"model":[82,95,114,157,167],"training,":[83],"including":[84],"slide":[85],"window,":[86],"summarization":[87],"round-trip":[89],"translation.":[90],"Second,":[91],"we":[92,124],"propose":[93],"weighting":[96],"strategy":[97],"final":[100],"prediction":[102],"which":[106,187],"combines":[107],"advantage":[109],"two":[111],"models,":[112],"QANet":[115],"BioBERT":[117],"pre-trained":[118],"data.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"give":[125],"reinforce":[129],"robustness":[131],"model.":[134],"The":[135,152],"public":[136],"dataset":[138],"collected":[139],"PubMed":[141],"provided":[142],"BioASQ":[144,173],"challenge":[145],"used":[147],"evaluate":[149],"our":[150],"approach.":[151],"results":[153],"show":[154],"that":[155],"has":[159],"been":[160],"improved":[161],"significantly":[162],"compared":[163],"single":[166],"other":[169],"models":[170],"participated":[171],"challenge.":[174],"It":[175],"can":[176],"learn":[177],"richer":[178],"semantic":[179],"expression":[180],"samples,":[186],"beneficial":[189],"solve":[191],"complex":[193],"answering":[195],"problems":[196],"domain.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}