{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3171641477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088256","title":"RNPredATC: A Deep Residual Learning-Based Model With Applications to the Prediction of Drug-ATC Code Association","display_name":"RNPredATC: A Deep Residual Learning-Based Model With Applications to the Prediction of Drug-ATC Code Association","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3171641477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088256","mag":"3171641477","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34110998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haochen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haochen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-3148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026877800","display_name":"Guihua Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-6443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guihua Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9406-6443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090322041","display_name":"Peng Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0801-7574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0801-7574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613014","display_name":"Cheng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5021-6841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5021-6841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079316675","display_name":"Yaohang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-1876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaohang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-1876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438360","display_name":"Jianxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-0480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-0480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70806763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"2712","last_page":"2723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10211","display_name":"Computational Drug Discovery Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9384999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6511696577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6407732963562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5591741800308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.530852198600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5108122825622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5044375658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.474410742521286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association","display_name":"Association (psychology)","score":0.4563771188259125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug","display_name":"Drug","score":0.4505050480365753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.41923946142196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12305834889411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"Pharmacology","score":0.10390454530715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09983506798744202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6511696577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6407732963562012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5591741800308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.530852198600769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5108122825622559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5044375658035278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.474410742521286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4563771188259125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.4505050480365753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.41923946142196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12305834889411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.10390454530715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09983506798744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34110998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34110998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8740223855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772552","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66282575","https://openalex.org/W131196319","https://openalex.org/W1578104218","https://openalex.org/W1921523184","https://openalex.org/W1959698389","https://openalex.org/W1967400946","https://openalex.org/W1976582164","https://openalex.org/W1979763781","https://openalex.org/W1981976602","https://openalex.org/W2030996962","https://openalex.org/W2040280778","https://openalex.org/W2052888691","https://openalex.org/W2068841284","https://openalex.org/W2082896250","https://openalex.org/W2090630554","https://openalex.org/W2096021562","https://openalex.org/W2097385209","https://openalex.org/W2097524602","https://openalex.org/W2112243395","https://openalex.org/W2131347449","https://openalex.org/W2138745145","https://openalex.org/W2141125852","https://openalex.org/W2147450768","https://openalex.org/W2148797284","https://openalex.org/W2161723120","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2333796428","https://openalex.org/W2345415171","https://openalex.org/W2346950316","https://openalex.org/W2417990257","https://openalex.org/W2462108616","https://openalex.org/W2593929973","https://openalex.org/W2597394795","https://openalex.org/W2607357445","https://openalex.org/W2607532780","https://openalex.org/W2767891136","https://openalex.org/W2772308895","https://openalex.org/W2790385355","https://openalex.org/W2799845593","https://openalex.org/W2912290085","https://openalex.org/W2916888356","https://openalex.org/W2923922207","https://openalex.org/W2951434717","https://openalex.org/W2965979634","https://openalex.org/W2979645924","https://openalex.org/W3005970824","https://openalex.org/W3097857367","https://openalex.org/W3113654230","https://openalex.org/W3137198614","https://openalex.org/W3140285855","https://openalex.org/W3160752125","https://openalex.org/W4230694935","https://openalex.org/W6640185926","https://openalex.org/W6703049675","https://openalex.org/W6718962110","https://openalex.org/W6734541399","https://openalex.org/W6734752668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560215812","https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W2788972299","https://openalex.org/W2521347458","https://openalex.org/W2498789492","https://openalex.org/W2729981612","https://openalex.org/W2925692864","https://openalex.org/W4233449973","https://openalex.org/W2768526084","https://openalex.org/W3081644756"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27],"Anatomical":[1],"Therapeutic":[2],"Chemical":[3],"(ATC)":[4],"classification":[5,29,116,147,223],"system,":[6],"designated":[7],"by":[8,169],"the":[9,38,54,66,114,163,166,207,220,231],"World":[10],"Health":[11],"Organization":[12],"Collaborating":[13],"Center":[14],"(WHOCC),":[15],"has":[16],"been":[17,73],"widely":[18],"used":[19],"in":[20,75,110,144,200],"drug":[21,62],"screening,":[22],"repositioning,":[23],"and":[24,49,64,124,161,187,202,213],"similarity":[25],"research.":[26],"ATC":[28,56,115,125,146,222,233],"system":[30,41,117],"assigns":[31],"different":[32],"codes":[33,57,234],"to":[34,37,83,103,138],"drugs":[35,59,123],"according":[36],"organ":[39],"or":[40],"on":[42,119],"which":[43],"they":[44,79],"act":[45],"and/or":[46],"their":[47],"therapeutic":[48],"chemical":[50],"characteristics.":[51],"Correctly":[52],"identifying":[53],"potential":[55,106,140,232],"for":[58,99],"can":[60,150,228],"accelerate":[61],"development":[63],"reduce":[65,162],"cost":[67],"of":[68,81,113,210,216,235],"experiments.":[69],"Several":[70],"classifiers":[71],"have":[72],"proposed":[74],"this":[76,128],"regard.":[77],"However,":[78],"lack":[80],"ability":[82],"learn":[84],"basic":[85],"features":[86],"from":[87,155,165],"sparsely":[88,156],"known":[89,120,157],"drug-ATC":[90,107,141,158],"code":[91,108,142,159],"associations.":[92],"Therefore,":[93],"there":[94],"is":[95],"an":[96],"urgent":[97],"need":[98],"novel":[100,133,171],"computational":[101],"methods":[102],"precisely":[104],"predict":[105,139],"associations":[109,121,143,160,218],"multiple":[111],"levels":[112],"based":[118],"between":[122],"codes.":[126],"In":[127],"paper,":[129],"we":[130],"provide":[131],"a":[132,170],"end-to-end":[134],"model,":[135],"so-called":[136],"RNPredATC,":[137],"five":[145],"levels.":[148],"RNPredATC":[149,196,227],"extract":[151],"dense":[152],"feature":[153],"vectors":[154],"impact":[164],"degradation":[167],"problem":[168],"deep":[172],"residual":[173],"learning.":[174],"We":[175],"extensively":[176],"compare":[177],"our":[178],"method":[179],"with":[180],"some":[181,188],"state-of-the-art":[182],"methods,":[183],"including":[184],"NetPredATC,":[185],"SPACE,":[186],"multi-label-based":[189],"methods.":[190],"Our":[191],"experimental":[192],"results":[193],"show":[194],"that":[195,226],"achieves":[197],"better":[198],"performances":[199],"five-fold":[201],"ten-fold":[203],"cross":[204],"validations.":[205],"Furthermore,":[206],"visualization":[208],"analysis":[209],"hidden":[211],"layers":[212],"case":[214],"studies":[215],"predicted":[217],"at":[219],"fifth":[221],"level":[224],"confirm":[225],"effectively":[229],"identify":[230],"drugs.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}