{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126192485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3058941","title":"Effective Cancer Subtype and Stage Prediction via Dropfeature-DNNs","display_name":"Effective Cancer Subtype and Stage Prediction via Dropfeature-DNNs","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126192485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3058941","mag":"3126192485","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33577454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2021.3058941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3058941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8892523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430415","display_name":"Zhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-9699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169251466","display_name":"Xavier University of Louisiana","ror":"https://ror.org/0085d9t86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100414776","display_name":"Wensheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4712-8656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169251466","display_name":"Xavier University of Louisiana","ror":"https://ror.org/0085d9t86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wensheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024194480","display_name":"Hong\u2010Wen Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0387-8818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114832834","display_name":"Tulane University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmvtb21","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwen Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342324","display_name":"Kun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1915-788X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169251466","display_name":"Xavier University of Louisiana","ror":"https://ror.org/0085d9t86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Bioinformatics Core of Xavier RCMI Center for Cancer Research, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100430415"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169251466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54809015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":"107","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11970","display_name":"Molecular Biology Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8701637983322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6716474294662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6585174202919006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5872382521629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5830554366111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5059470534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.49147164821624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44853267073631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.43311795592308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3579689860343933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8701637983322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6716474294662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6585174202919006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5872382521629333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5830554366111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5059470534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.49147164821624756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44853267073631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.43311795592308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3579689860343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2021.3058941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2021.3058941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33577454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33577454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8892523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8892523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8892523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8892523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2600250407","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2U54MD007595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3602326532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19AG055373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7748959789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5P20GM103424","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019830208","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1529356222","https://openalex.org/W1685464609","https://openalex.org/W1808644423","https://openalex.org/W1968970305","https://openalex.org/W1969556504","https://openalex.org/W1985213644","https://openalex.org/W1994847090","https://openalex.org/W2001740655","https://openalex.org/W2017103957","https://openalex.org/W2062171129","https://openalex.org/W2088068024","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097791912","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2105465844","https://openalex.org/W2109363337","https://openalex.org/W2131822674","https://openalex.org/W2136532871","https://openalex.org/W2141494444","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2145287259","https://openalex.org/W2156662494","https://openalex.org/W2158217645","https://openalex.org/W2161112598","https://openalex.org/W2168561598","https://openalex.org/W2170951896","https://openalex.org/W2253609413","https://openalex.org/W2299795119","https://openalex.org/W2332646948","https://openalex.org/W2460144244","https://openalex.org/W2520343687","https://openalex.org/W2569086487","https://openalex.org/W2589816513","https://openalex.org/W2597872842","https://openalex.org/W2603868227","https://openalex.org/W2613744000","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2739892638","https://openalex.org/W2741504978","https://openalex.org/W2751439922","https://openalex.org/W2765780353","https://openalex.org/W2783375881","https://openalex.org/W2791700336","https://openalex.org/W2817817898","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2889377580","https://openalex.org/W2892911634","https://openalex.org/W2909862814","https://openalex.org/W2912702154","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2970152602","https://openalex.org/W2974256357","https://openalex.org/W2980183989","https://openalex.org/W2999417355","https://openalex.org/W3005188734","https://openalex.org/W3035089687","https://openalex.org/W3110912495","https://openalex.org/W3126122061","https://openalex.org/W6601425427","https://openalex.org/W6605289261","https://openalex.org/W6630841318","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637461618","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6754484873","https://openalex.org/W6758532572","https://openalex.org/W6759872529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W4295122168","https://openalex.org/W3155717344","https://openalex.org/W1770458422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precise":[0],"cancer":[1,9,87,215,227],"subtype":[2,145,216],"and/or":[3,146,217],"stage":[4,147,218],"prediction":[5,148,219],"is":[6,67],"instrumental":[7],"for":[8,142,198],"diagnosis,":[10],"treatment":[11],"and":[12,33,55,63,86,122,165,178,189],"management.":[13],"However,":[14],"most":[15],"of":[16,52,76,174,212],"the":[17,50,74,153,158,162,171,199,210],"existing":[18],"methods":[19,207],"based":[20],"on":[21],"genomic":[22],"profiles":[23],"suffer":[24],"from":[25,225],"issues":[26],"such":[27,64],"as":[28,70,126],"overfitting,":[29],"high":[30],"computational":[31,179],"complexity":[32,177],"selected":[34],"features":[35,116],"(i.e.,":[36,117],"genes)":[37,118],"not":[38],"directly":[39],"related":[40],"to":[41,49,73,84,107,205],"forecast":[42],"precision.":[43],"These":[44],"deficiencies":[45],"are":[46,168,181],"largely":[47],"due":[48],"nature":[51,66],"\"high":[53],"dimensionality":[54],"small":[56],"sample":[57],"size\"":[58],"inherent":[59],"in":[60,157,214],"molecular":[61],"data,":[62],"a":[65,94,99,194],"often":[68],"deemed":[69],"an":[71,127,134],"obstacle":[72],"application":[75],"deep":[77,80],"learning,":[78],"e.g.,":[79],"neural":[81],"networks":[82],"(DNNs),":[83],"biomedicine":[85],"research.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,123],"propose":[93],"DNN-based":[95],"algorithm":[96],"coupled":[97],"with":[98,170],"new":[100],"embedded":[101],"feature":[102,136,163,185],"selection":[103],"technique,":[104],"named":[105],"Dropfeature-DNNs,":[106],"address":[108],"these":[109],"issues.":[110],"Dropfeature-DNNs":[111,125,213],"can":[112,149],"discard":[113],"some":[114],"irrelevant":[115],"when":[119,152],"training":[120,159,172],"DNNs,":[121,175],"formulate":[124],"iterative":[128],"AUC":[129,154,166],"optimization":[130,155],"problem.":[131],"As":[132],"such,":[133],"\"optimal\"":[135],"subset":[137,164,186],"that":[138],"contains":[139],"meaningful":[140],"genes":[141],"accurate":[143],"tumor":[144],"be":[150],"obtained":[151],"converges":[156],"stage.":[160],"Since":[161],"optimizations":[167],"synchronous":[169],"phase":[173],"model":[176],"cost":[180],"simultaneously":[182],"reduced.":[183],"Rigorous":[184],"convergence":[187],"analysis":[188],"error":[190],"bound":[191],"inference":[192],"provide":[193],"solid":[195],"theoretical":[196],"foundation":[197],"proposed":[200],"method.":[201],"Extensive":[202],"empirical":[203],"comparisons":[204],"benchmark":[206],"further":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"efficacy":[211],"using":[220],"HDSS":[221],"gene":[222],"expression":[223],"data":[224],"multiple":[226],"types.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}