{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793303269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2018.2817488","title":"Automated ICD-9 Coding via A Deep Learning Approach","display_name":"Automated ICD-9 Coding via A Deep Learning Approach","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793303269","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2018.2817488","mag":"2793303269","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29994157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2018.2817488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2018.2817488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719013","display_name":"Min Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0188-1394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0188-1394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029977184","display_name":"Zhihui Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-9727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033885404","display_name":"Min Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1726-0955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091157395","display_name":"Fang\u2010Xiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-9332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32625721","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Xiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-9332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079316675","display_name":"Yaohang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-1876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaohang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-1876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101465265","display_name":"Yi Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-3096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-3096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438360","display_name":"Jianxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-0480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-0480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4362,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96986561,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"1193","last_page":"1202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.769172191619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7593470811843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7515206336975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7250868082046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.608147144317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5835362076759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5098706483840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4934955835342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4285416603088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4090465307235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3524605631828308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.769172191619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7593470811843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7515206336975098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7250868082046509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.608147144317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5835362076759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5098706483840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4934955835342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4285416603088379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4090465307235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3524605631828308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D038801","descriptor_name":"International Classification of Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059019","descriptor_name":"Clinical Coding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059019","descriptor_name":"Clinical Coding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059019","descriptor_name":"Clinical Coding","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2018.2817488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2018.2817488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29994157","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29994157","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G358564744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61420106009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8210156615","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61622213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8758739143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018zzts563","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55768394","https://openalex.org/W150922308","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1232886308","https://openalex.org/W1519328795","https://openalex.org/W1541322638","https://openalex.org/W1576514601","https://openalex.org/W1775813496","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1981208470","https://openalex.org/W1982243179","https://openalex.org/W1987041006","https://openalex.org/W2004910511","https://openalex.org/W2013787102","https://openalex.org/W2016920298","https://openalex.org/W2017637319","https://openalex.org/W2061423315","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2062497124","https://openalex.org/W2095068684","https://openalex.org/W2096446497","https://openalex.org/W2096664202","https://openalex.org/W2102150019","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2114315281","https://openalex.org/W2115610681","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2119466907","https://openalex.org/W2131744502","https://openalex.org/W2138290126","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2142955026","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2154359981","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2186845332","https://openalex.org/W2265846598","https://openalex.org/W2338526423","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2402144811","https://openalex.org/W2407776548","https://openalex.org/W2428528690","https://openalex.org/W2470673105","https://openalex.org/W2515788890","https://openalex.org/W2557074642","https://openalex.org/W2558960030","https://openalex.org/W2561981131","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2592222102","https://openalex.org/W2596478722","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2744701739","https://openalex.org/W2791043838","https://openalex.org/W2803920401","https://openalex.org/W2893483035","https://openalex.org/W2951829787","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2962965405","https://openalex.org/W2963122731","https://openalex.org/W2963153906","https://openalex.org/W2963514026","https://openalex.org/W3122990092","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6606184565","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6627842837","https://openalex.org/W6631084889","https://openalex.org/W6675295344","https://openalex.org/W6679775712","https://openalex.org/W6680890276","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6682839988","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6693505360","https://openalex.org/W6712503630","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6713582272","https://openalex.org/W6726029915","https://openalex.org/W6748797612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2468279273","https://openalex.org/W2354198838","https://openalex.org/W1989130879","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2025953124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ICD-9":[0,19,53],"(the":[1],"Ninth":[2],"Revision":[3],"of":[4,7,36,132,176,183],"International":[5],"Classification":[6],"Diseases)":[8],"is":[9,21,26,141,155],"widely":[10],"used":[11],"to":[12,50,64,67,124,152],"describe":[13],"a":[14,44],"patient's":[15],"diagnosis.":[16],"Accurate":[17],"automated":[18,188],"coding":[20,25],"important":[22],"because":[23],"manual":[24],"expensive,":[27],"time-consuming,":[28],"and":[29,69,72,92,104,149,187],"inefficient.":[30],"Inspired":[31],"by":[32,81,111],"the":[33,57,62,119,126,130,137,142,150,173,181],"recent":[34],"successes":[35],"deep":[37,45,120,177],"learning,":[38],"in":[39,129,146,180],"this":[40],"study,":[41],"we":[42,117],"present":[43],"learning":[46,178],"framework":[47],"called":[48],"DeepLabeler":[49,55,77],"automatically":[51],"assign":[52],"codes.":[54],"combines":[56],"convolutional":[58,138],"neural":[59,121,139],"network":[60,122,140,148],"with":[61],"'Document":[63,151],"Vector'":[65,153],"technique":[66,154],"extract":[68],"encode":[70],"local":[71],"global":[73,166],"features.":[74,167],"Our":[75],"proposed":[76],"demonstrates":[78],"its":[79],"effectiveness":[80],"achieving":[82],"state-of-the-art":[83],"performance,":[84],"i.e.,":[85],"0.335":[86],"micro":[87,94],"F-measure":[88,95],"on":[89,96,107],"MIMIC-II":[90],"dataset":[91],"0.408":[93],"MIMIC-III":[97],"dataset.":[98],"It":[99],"outperforms":[100],"classical":[101],"hierarchy-based":[102],"SVM":[103],"flat-SVM":[105],"both":[106],"these":[108],"two":[109],"datasets":[110],"at":[112],"least":[113],"14":[114],"percent.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116],"analyze":[118],"structure":[123],"discover":[125],"vital":[127],"elements":[128],"success":[131],"DeepLabeler.":[133],"We":[134],"find":[135],"that":[136,172],"most":[143],"effective":[144],"component":[145],"our":[147],"also":[156],"necessary":[157],"for":[158],"enhancing":[159],"classification":[160,186],"performance":[161],"since":[162],"it":[163],"extracts":[164],"well-recognized":[165],"Extensive":[168],"experimental":[169],"results":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"great":[174],"promise":[175],"techniques":[179],"field":[182],"text":[184],"multi-label":[185],"medical":[189],"coding.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
