{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2078978121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2014.2351804","title":"Quantitative Measurement of Split of the Second Heart Sound (S2)","display_name":"Quantitative Measurement of Split of the Second Heart Sound (S2)","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2078978121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2014.2351804","mag":"2078978121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26357326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2014.2351804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2014.2351804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043","2998-4165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005089337","display_name":"Shovan Barma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-7362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shovan Barma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100679032","display_name":"Bo\u2010Wei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6526-9017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)","Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (ROC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ka Lok Man","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ka Lok Man","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China","Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088136847","display_name":"Jhing-Fa Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2816-2480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jhing-Fa Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, and Tajen University, Taiwan (ROC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, and Tajen University, Taiwan (ROC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86640334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"851","last_page":"860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5370821952819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4466974139213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4106055796146393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4081297814846039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.40763458609580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3836374878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.26173338294029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2118818163871765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5370821952819824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4466974139213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4106055796146393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4081297814846039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.40763458609580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3836374878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.26173338294029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2118818163871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006326","descriptor_name":"Heart Auscultation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006326","descriptor_name":"Heart Auscultation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006326","descriptor_name":"Heart Auscultation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcbb.2014.2351804","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2014.2351804","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36029991","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1545-5963","issn":["1545-5963","1557-9964","2374-0043","2998-4165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26357326","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26357326","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22400918","https://openalex.org/W24670987","https://openalex.org/W302833118","https://openalex.org/W603915860","https://openalex.org/W650166435","https://openalex.org/W1604530095","https://openalex.org/W1947174919","https://openalex.org/W1966187416","https://openalex.org/W2002146888","https://openalex.org/W2005294410","https://openalex.org/W2006816577","https://openalex.org/W2007221293","https://openalex.org/W2012784465","https://openalex.org/W2014057003","https://openalex.org/W2021123826","https://openalex.org/W2027130144","https://openalex.org/W2054878302","https://openalex.org/W2062550971","https://openalex.org/W2073851502","https://openalex.org/W2090860232","https://openalex.org/W2098395403","https://openalex.org/W2100159550","https://openalex.org/W2100841556","https://openalex.org/W2102270414","https://openalex.org/W2106587369","https://openalex.org/W2115737494","https://openalex.org/W2130095641","https://openalex.org/W2132085292","https://openalex.org/W2132196897","https://openalex.org/W2132214609","https://openalex.org/W2138514644","https://openalex.org/W2140147143","https://openalex.org/W2153892802","https://openalex.org/W2163394193","https://openalex.org/W2166544541","https://openalex.org/W2167060423","https://openalex.org/W2167484035","https://openalex.org/W2359092906","https://openalex.org/W2390662465","https://openalex.org/W2477330690","https://openalex.org/W2488153981","https://openalex.org/W3151807103","https://openalex.org/W4299386784","https://openalex.org/W4300459790","https://openalex.org/W6640561517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694","https://openalex.org/W2911598644","https://openalex.org/W2142036596"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,170],"study":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,71],"quantitative":[4],"measurement":[5],"of":[6,8,26,29,56,73,107,110,119,126,134,162,200],"split":[7,45,97,136,146,179,183],"the":[9,27,44,68,77,96,102,105,127,135,145,157,182,198,201,206],"second":[10,32],"heart":[11,33],"sound":[12,34],"(S2)":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15,115],"nonstationary":[16],"signal":[17],"decomposition":[18],"to":[19,50,66,164,192],"deal":[20],"with":[21],"overlaps":[22,212],"and":[23,38,53,82,112,156,213],"energy":[24,55,215],"modeling":[25],"subcomponents":[28],"S2.":[30],"The":[31,129,142],"includes":[35],"aortic":[36],"(A2)":[37],"pulmonic":[39],"(P2)":[40],"closure":[41],"sounds.":[42],"However,":[43],"detection":[46,184],"is":[47,64,98,137,152,166],"obscured":[48],"due":[49],"A2-P2":[51,150,211],"overlap":[52,151],"low":[54,167,214],"P2.":[57,216],"To":[58],"identify":[59],"such":[60],"split,":[61],"HVD":[62],"method":[63,143,172,202],"used":[65],"decompose":[67],"S2":[69,120],"into":[70],"number":[72],"components":[74],"while":[75],"preserving":[76],"phase":[78],"information.":[79],"Further,":[80],"A2s":[81,111],"P2s":[83],"are":[84,122],"localized":[85],"using":[86],"smoothed":[87],"pseudo":[88],"Wigner-Ville":[89],"distribution":[90],"followed":[91],"by":[92,100,177,189],"reassignment":[93],"method.":[94,128],"Finally,":[95],"calculated":[99],"taking":[101],"differences":[103],"between":[104],"means":[106],"time":[108],"indices":[109],"P2s.":[113],"Experiments":[114],"total":[116],"33":[117],"clips":[118],"signals":[121],"performed":[123],"for":[124,210],"evaluation":[125],"mean":[130],"\u00b1":[131,139],"standard":[132],"deviation":[133],"34.7":[138],"4.6":[140],"ms.":[141],"measures":[144],"efficiently,":[147],"even":[148],"when":[149],"\u2264":[153],"20":[154],"ms":[155],"normalized":[158],"peak":[159],"temporal":[160],"ratio":[161],"P2":[163],"A2":[165],"(\u2265":[168],"0.22).":[169],"proposed":[171],"thus,":[173],"demonstrates":[174],"its":[175],"robustness":[176],"defining":[178],"detectability":[180],"(SDT),":[181],"aptness":[185],"through":[186],"detecting":[187],"P2s,":[188],"measuring":[190],"up":[191],"96":[193],"percent.":[194],"Such":[195],"findings":[196],"reveal":[197],"effectiveness":[199],"as":[203],"competent":[204],"against":[205],"other":[207],"baselines,":[208],"especially":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}