{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403448014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3481193","title":"Private and Efficient Learning With Hyperdimensional Computing","display_name":"Private and Efficient Learning With Hyperdimensional Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403448014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3481193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcasai.2024.3481193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3481193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675360","display_name":"IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"2996-6647","issn":["2996-6647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060490428","display_name":"Behnam Khaleghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3655-0501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Behnam Khaleghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaofan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9638-6184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072579616","display_name":"Jaeyoung Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1048-1285"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyoung Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0967-3582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025573294","display_name":"Tajana Rosing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tajana Rosing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060490428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6161,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68788862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"204","last_page":"219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4610869288444519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.35216307640075684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4610869288444519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35216307640075684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcasai.2024.3481193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3481193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675360","display_name":"IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"2996-6647","issn":["2996-6647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G317115702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1911095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3744848179","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2112665","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G502606643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1826967","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5665456810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2100237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6003409357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2112167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6026952011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2052809","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7181340123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2003279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2026297770","https://openalex.org/W2167372639","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2245160765","https://openalex.org/W2278898588","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2771100829","https://openalex.org/W2895774650","https://openalex.org/W2897044384","https://openalex.org/W2915418849","https://openalex.org/W2967927776","https://openalex.org/W2970402754","https://openalex.org/W2990838824","https://openalex.org/W3047988013","https://openalex.org/W3092127391","https://openalex.org/W3109695251","https://openalex.org/W3117080414","https://openalex.org/W3121002773","https://openalex.org/W3129112942","https://openalex.org/W3133100623","https://openalex.org/W3138611831","https://openalex.org/W3143919782","https://openalex.org/W3193529729","https://openalex.org/W3204836041","https://openalex.org/W3212271031","https://openalex.org/W3213820542","https://openalex.org/W3216712149","https://openalex.org/W4205370550","https://openalex.org/W4206090311","https://openalex.org/W4280554038","https://openalex.org/W4281767790","https://openalex.org/W4282960063","https://openalex.org/W4285086368","https://openalex.org/W4285146458","https://openalex.org/W4288083474","https://openalex.org/W4293024080","https://openalex.org/W4293261883","https://openalex.org/W4306178414","https://openalex.org/W4367060497","https://openalex.org/W4379115860","https://openalex.org/W4385478078","https://openalex.org/W4386002526","https://openalex.org/W4386763504","https://openalex.org/W4386765277","https://openalex.org/W4386859342","https://openalex.org/W4389160768","https://openalex.org/W4401568182","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6634343353","https://openalex.org/W6678476872","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6772500962","https://openalex.org/W6776489473","https://openalex.org/W6780591833","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6799191002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,23],"algorithms,":[2],"especially":[3],"deep":[4],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"(DNNs),":[7],"are":[8],"computationally":[9],"expensive":[10],"and":[11,32,49,53,90,96,118,163,183,205],"vulnerable":[12,63],"to":[13,64,88,151,161,195,247,260,268,280],"privacy":[14,65,83],"breaches.":[15],"Hyperdimensional":[16],"Computing":[17],"(HDC)":[18],"is":[19,62,110],"a":[20,27,146,172],"brain-inspired":[21],"machine":[22],"paradigm":[24],"which":[25,170],"offers":[26],"potential":[28],"alternative":[29],"for":[30,99,156,187],"efficient":[31,102],"private":[33,94,113,203],"learning.":[34],"HDC":[35,61,86,100,109,185,209],"encodes":[36],"dense,":[37],"sensory":[38],"inputs":[39],"into":[40],"sparse,":[41],"high-dimensional":[42],"vectors":[43],"of":[44,85,129,175,199,208,230],"10,000":[45],"bits":[46],"or":[47,258],"more,":[48],"learns":[50],"using":[51],"well-defined":[52],"lightweight":[54],"operations":[55],"on":[56,276],"these":[57],"vectors.":[58],"However,":[59],"na\u00efve":[60],"attacks":[66,225],"as":[67,114,138,180,191,278],"the":[68,81,115,125,130,139,153,196,248,281],"encoding":[69,119,131,149,220,236],"process":[70],"can":[71,121],"be":[72,122],"reversely":[73],"determined.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76,136],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"systematically":[79],"study":[80],"fundamental":[82],"challenges":[84],"due":[87],"reversibility":[89],"propose":[91,145,168],"an":[92,227],"end-to-end":[93],"training":[95,207,274],"inference":[97,158],"framework":[98],"with":[101,226,266],"hardware":[103],"implementation.":[104],"We":[105,134,143,166],"first":[106],"show":[107,216],"that":[108,217],"not":[111],"naturally":[112],"original":[116],"data":[117],"parameters":[120],"reconstructed":[123],"from":[124],"encoded":[126,154],"vector,":[127],"regardless":[128],"methods":[132],"applied.":[133],"term":[135],"attack":[137],"feature":[140,181],"extraction":[141],"attack.":[142],"then":[144],"locally":[147],"sparse":[148],"method":[150,221],"obfuscate":[152],"information":[155],"protecting":[157],"privacy,":[159],"leading":[160],"computational":[162],"communication":[164],"savings.":[165],"further":[167],"Priv\u00e9-HDnn":[169,201,255],"uses":[171],"hybrid":[173],"architecture":[174],"Convolutional":[176],"Neural":[177],"Network":[178],"(CNN)":[179],"extractors":[182],"private-preserved":[184],"classifier":[186],"complex":[188],"tasks":[189],"such":[190],"image":[192],"classification.":[193],"Thanks":[194],"noise":[197,213],"tolerance":[198],"HDC,":[200],"enables":[202],"single-":[204],"multi-pass":[206],"by":[210,237],"differential":[211],"privacy-guaranteed":[212],"injection.":[214],"Results":[215],"our":[218],"new":[219],"defends":[222],"against":[223],"decoding":[224],"RMSE":[228],"deviation":[229],"0.42,":[231],"while":[232],"also":[233],"speeding":[234],"up":[235,259,267],"2.6\u20135.3<inline-formula":[238],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[239,243,270],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[240,244,271],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[241,272],"(19\u201379<inline-formula":[242],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[245],"compared":[246,279],"FPGA":[249],"(CPU)":[250],"baseline.":[251],"For":[252],"privacy-preserved":[253],"training,":[254],"achieves":[256],"comparable":[257],"5.8%":[261],"better":[262],"accuracy":[263],"than":[264],"DNNs":[265],"1231<inline-formula":[269],"faster":[273],"time":[275],"GPU":[277],"state-of-the-art":[282],"NNs.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}