{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402592760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3462692","title":"Towards Efficient Neuro-Symbolic AI: From Workload Characterization to Hardware Architecture","display_name":"Towards Efficient Neuro-Symbolic AI: From Workload Characterization to Hardware Architecture","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402592760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3462692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcasai.2024.3462692","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3462692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675360","display_name":"IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"2996-6647","issn":["2996-6647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076856438","display_name":"Zishen Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-5351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zishen Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-5351","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078948242","display_name":"Che-Kai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9604-3987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Che-Kai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9604-3987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hanchen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2916-534X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanchen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2916-534X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078314931","display_name":"Ritik Raj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1853-6107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritik Raj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1853-6107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065172226","display_name":"Chaojian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4030-9777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaojian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4030-9777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080793133","display_name":"Haoran You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-2153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061572132","display_name":"Yonggan Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-2921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggan Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-2921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052743446","display_name":"Cheng Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-3481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-3481","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060660400","display_name":"Sixu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9105-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sixu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9105-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064472929","display_name":"Youbin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-2880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youbin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-2880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007782265","display_name":"Ananda Samajdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-3745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ananda Samajdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-3745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019582323","display_name":"Yingyan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-203X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingyan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-203X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103233588","display_name":"Mohamed Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-4040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-4040","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088933304","display_name":"Jan M. Rabaey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-4855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan M. Rabaey","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-4855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034089074","display_name":"Tushar Krishna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-6942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tushar Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-6942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091408102","display_name":"Arijit Raychowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-0576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arijit Raychowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-0576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":16,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076856438"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98210291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"53","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6642753481864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.6481560468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.623702347278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5610576868057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.5007991790771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39857104420661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34191590547561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2157943844795227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6642753481864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.6481560468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.623702347278595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5610576868057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5007991790771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39857104420661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34191590547561646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2157943844795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcasai.2024.3462692","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcasai.2024.3462692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404675360","display_name":"IEEE transactions on circuits and systems for artificial intelligence.","issn_l":"2996-6647","issn":["2996-6647"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-167568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-167568","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989009626","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2487365028","https://openalex.org/W2530887700","https://openalex.org/W2588018425","https://openalex.org/W2888313207","https://openalex.org/W2962924847","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963690694","https://openalex.org/W2967927776","https://openalex.org/W3035758390","https://openalex.org/W3037471945","https://openalex.org/W3094277857","https://openalex.org/W3097528158","https://openalex.org/W3113149630","https://openalex.org/W3117577445","https://openalex.org/W3154009503","https://openalex.org/W3158233068","https://openalex.org/W3176187895","https://openalex.org/W3210830221","https://openalex.org/W3216178672","https://openalex.org/W4251468530","https://openalex.org/W4308481194","https://openalex.org/W4312787185","https://openalex.org/W4360977202","https://openalex.org/W4382657289","https://openalex.org/W4383066347","https://openalex.org/W4385768082","https://openalex.org/W4389162831","https://openalex.org/W4400681438","https://openalex.org/W4401414715","https://openalex.org/W4401568189","https://openalex.org/W4401568544","https://openalex.org/W4404132964","https://openalex.org/W6746177919","https://openalex.org/W6751691560","https://openalex.org/W6752056529","https://openalex.org/W6754944153","https://openalex.org/W6757902542","https://openalex.org/W6758262585","https://openalex.org/W6762513585","https://openalex.org/W6767024460","https://openalex.org/W6768853884","https://openalex.org/W6769679262","https://openalex.org/W6771324808","https://openalex.org/W6779909828","https://openalex.org/W6788247690","https://openalex.org/W6801153587","https://openalex.org/W6803154024","https://openalex.org/W6838896971","https://openalex.org/W6852785088","https://openalex.org/W6861402905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"remarkable":[1],"advancements":[2],"in":[3,65,104],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI),":[6],"primarily":[7],"driven":[8],"by":[9],"deep":[10],"neural":[11,41],"networks,":[12],"are":[13],"facing":[14],"challenges":[15,186],"surrounding":[16],"unsustainable":[17],"computational":[18,109],"trajectories,":[19],"limited":[20,151],"robustness,":[21,48],"and":[22,42,49,71,84,97,101,112,118,140,150,162,177,187,197],"a":[23,37,164],"lack":[24],"of":[25,106,138,179,191],"explainability.":[26],"To":[27],"develop":[28],"next-generation":[29],"cognitive":[30,72],"AI":[31,34,95,193],"systems,":[32],"neuro-symbolic":[33,59,88,94,125,180,192],"emerges":[35],"as":[36],"promising":[38],"paradigm,":[39],"fusing":[40],"symbolic":[43],"approaches":[44],"to":[45,79,134,172],"enhance":[46],"interpretability,":[47],"trustworthiness,":[50],"while":[51],"facilitating":[52],"learning":[53],"from":[54,128,194],"much":[55],"less":[56],"data.":[57],"Recent":[58],"systems":[60],"have":[61],"demonstrated":[62],"great":[63],"potential":[64,85,188],"collaborative":[66],"human-AI":[67],"scenarios":[68],"with":[69],"reasoning":[70],"capabilities.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"paper,":[76],"we":[77,157,183],"aim":[78],"understand":[80],"the":[81,135,174,185],"workload":[82],"characteristics":[83,114],"architectures":[86],"for":[87,169],"AI.":[89],"We":[90],"first":[91],"systematically":[92],"categorize":[93],"algorithms,":[96],"then":[98],"experimentally":[99],"evaluate":[100],"analyze":[102],"them":[103],"terms":[105],"runtime,":[107],"memory,":[108],"operators,":[110],"sparsity,":[111],"system":[113,196],"on":[115,130,154],"CPUs,":[116],"GPUs,":[117],"edge":[119],"SoCs.":[120],"Our":[121],"studies":[122],"reveal":[123],"that":[124],"models":[126],"suffer":[127],"inefficiencies":[129],"off-the-shelf":[131],"hardware,":[132],"due":[133],"memory-bound":[136],"nature":[137],"vector-symbolic":[139,170],"logical":[141],"operations,":[142],"complex":[143],"flow":[144],"control,":[145],"data":[146],"dependencies,":[147],"sparsity":[148],"variations,":[149],"scalability.":[152],"Based":[153],"profiling":[155],"insights,":[156],"suggest":[158],"cross-layer":[159],"optimization":[160],"solutions":[161],"present":[163],"hardware":[165],"acceleration":[166],"case":[167],"study":[168],"architecture":[171],"improve":[173],"performance,":[175],"efficiency,":[176],"scalability":[178],"computing.":[181],"Finally,":[182],"discuss":[184],"future":[189],"directions":[190],"both":[195],"architectural":[198],"perspectives.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
