{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416114242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3631741","title":"Energy-Efficient In-Memory Vector Similarity Search With Fidelity-Aware Range Encoding","display_name":"Energy-Efficient In-Memory Vector Similarity Search With Fidelity-Aware Range Encoding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416114242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3631741"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3631741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3631741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067996741","display_name":"Chi-Tse Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-3976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Tse Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0393-3976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043930707","display_name":"Hsiang-Yun Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-9835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086894","display_name":"Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/000zgvm20","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086894","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiang-Yun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8983-9835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Information Technology Innovation, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086894"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109465340","display_name":"An-Yeu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-8633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An-Yeu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-8633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27513812,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"7","first_page":"3086","last_page":"3099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6665999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.6062999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-algorithm","display_name":"Search algorithm","score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/norm","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-addressable-memory","display_name":"Content-addressable memory","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nearest-neighbor-search","display_name":"Nearest neighbor search","score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-word","display_name":"Code word","score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossy-compression","display_name":"Lossy compression","score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmony-search","display_name":"Harmony search","score":0.32670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6665999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6636999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.6062999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125583679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q755673","display_name":"Search algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191795146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3878446","display_name":"Norm (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53442348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745101","display_name":"Content-addressable memory","level":3,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116738811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608751","display_name":"Nearest neighbor search","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153207627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863873","display_name":"Code word","level":3,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165021410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55564","display_name":"Lossy compression","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33099171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26208718","display_name":"Harmony search","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19889080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835852","display_name":"Beam search","level":3,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150807984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1992074","display_name":"Bit array","level":3,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204259536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787903","display_name":"Linear search","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778618852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128613","display_name":"Content-addressable storage","level":4,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14362708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675274","display_name":"Iterative deepening depth-first search","level":5,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32900221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181365","display_name":"Dot product","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121610932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243754","display_name":"Binary search algorithm","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3631741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3631741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G551006655","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"113-2218-E-002-036-MBK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7331776122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"114-2218-E-002-032-MBK","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992811742","https://openalex.org/W2001968297","https://openalex.org/W2023722724","https://openalex.org/W2122722476","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2536491920","https://openalex.org/W2613103714","https://openalex.org/W2615320339","https://openalex.org/W2792001294","https://openalex.org/W2945854677","https://openalex.org/W2946189125","https://openalex.org/W2951498229","https://openalex.org/W2983032988","https://openalex.org/W2988640543","https://openalex.org/W2997375145","https://openalex.org/W3139477406","https://openalex.org/W3189270397","https://openalex.org/W3200825586","https://openalex.org/W4280636702","https://openalex.org/W4302066626","https://openalex.org/W4307044055","https://openalex.org/W4308083511","https://openalex.org/W4308885556","https://openalex.org/W4401567965"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vector":[0],"similarity":[1],"search":[2,64,75,90,119,125,209],"(VSS)":[3],"is":[4,177],"a":[5,140,152,169,185],"crucial":[6],"operation":[7],"in":[8,174,179,215,255],"applications":[9],"of":[10,68,161,172],"machine":[11],"learning,":[12],"but":[13],"it":[14],"often":[15],"incurs":[16],"high":[17],"energy":[18,109,224,256],"consumption":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,33,77,88,157,228,235,238],"frequent":[22],"memory":[23],"accesses.":[24],"Previous":[25],"works":[26],"have":[27],"adopted":[28],"ternary":[29],"content-addressable":[30],"memories":[31],"(TCAMs)":[32],"perform":[34],"parallel":[35],"VSS":[36,55],"within":[37,242],"memory.":[38],"Among":[39],"these":[40,97],"approaches,":[41],"Exact-Match":[42],"TCAM":[43,250],"(EX-TCAM)":[44],"combined":[45],"with":[46],"range":[47,141,162,175,187],"encoding":[48,142,188],"has":[49],"shown":[50],"promise":[51],"for":[52,113],"executing":[53],"in-memory":[54,114],"under":[56,258],"theL\u221enorm":[57,130],"distance.":[58,131],"Existing":[59],"EX-TCAM-based":[60,103,180,216,240],"approaches":[61,252],"initiate":[62],"the":[63,66,74,79,124,134,159,166],"from":[65,126],"positions":[67],"query":[69],"vectors":[70],"and":[71,92,111,211,230],"iteratively":[72],"expand":[73],"ranges":[76,127],"identify":[78],"closest":[80],"stored":[81],"vectors.":[82],"However,":[83],"this":[84],"initialization":[85],"strategy":[86],"leads":[87],"excessive":[89],"iterations":[91,210],"long":[93],"codewords.":[94],"To":[95,116,132],"address":[96],"challenges,":[98],"we":[99,121,137,150,182],"present":[100],"FORE,":[101],"an":[102],"framework":[104],"that":[105,144,168,190,206,221],"significantly":[106,196],"improves":[107,223],"latency,":[108],"efficiency,":[110],"accuracy":[112,214,244],"VSS.":[115,217],"reduce":[117],"redundant":[118],"iterations,":[120],"first":[122],"initialize":[123],"based":[128],"on":[129,165],"shorten":[133],"codeword":[135],"length,":[136],"then":[138],"develop":[139],"scheme":[143,189],"supports":[145],"range-to-range":[146],"matching.":[147],"In":[148],"addition,":[149],"introduce":[151],"novel":[153],"metric,":[154],"\u201crange":[155],"fidelity,\u201d":[156],"evaluate":[158],"quality":[160],"encoding.":[163],"Building":[164],"insight":[167],"certain":[170],"degree":[171],"loss":[173],"fidelity":[176],"tolerable":[178],"VSS,":[181],"further":[183,207],"propose":[184],"lossy":[186],"yields":[191],"more":[192],"compact":[193],"codewords":[194],"without":[195],"compromising":[197],"accuracy.":[198],"Finally,":[199],"FORE":[200,222,247],"incorporates":[201],"aL\u221enorm":[202],"distance-based":[203],"training":[204],"mechanism":[205],"reduces":[208,231],"enhances":[212],"classification":[213],"Experimental":[218],"results":[219],"demonstrate":[220],"efficiency":[225,257],"by":[226,233,253],"45.25\u00d7":[227],"59.72\u00d7":[229],"latency":[232],"4.47\u00d7":[234],"5.66\u00d7":[236],"compared":[237],"previous":[239],"methods":[241],"1%":[243],"loss.":[245],"Moreover,":[246],"outperforms":[248],"Best-Match":[249],"(Best-TCAM)-based":[251],"6.9\u00d7":[254],"non-ideal":[259],"conditions.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}