{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7101432930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3626446","title":"STPA-Guided SOTIF Assessment of Real-Time Autonomous Driving Behavior in Uncertain Environments","display_name":"STPA-Guided SOTIF Assessment of Real-Time Autonomous Driving Behavior in Uncertain Environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7101432930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3626446"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3626446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3626446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2357-386X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2357-386X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-5675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-5675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yulong Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0087-7496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0087-7496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shangqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5598-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangqing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5598-4006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-7801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-7801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5929,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87678702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"6","first_page":"2912","last_page":"2925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.19670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.19670000672340393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.16380000114440918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.14480000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hazardous-waste","display_name":"Hazardous waste","score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle-avoidance","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-space","display_name":"State space","score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.37459999322891235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6606000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22507642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069369","display_name":"Hazardous waste","level":2,"score":0.5134000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6683253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075535","display_name":"Obstacle avoidance","level":4,"score":0.4392000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42648095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603824","display_name":"State of the Environment","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3626446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3626446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1812586646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8333389840","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Safety":[1],"of":[2,33,49,60,104,161,193,210],"the":[3,30,47,101,157,205],"Intended":[4],"Functionality":[5],"(SOTIF),":[6],"which":[7,55,182],"focuses":[8],"on":[9,143,201],"identifying":[10,168],"and":[11,15,106,127,186,198,208],"mitigating":[12],"hazardous":[13,169],"behaviors":[14,126,197],"risks":[16,41],"in":[17,52,134],"predominantly":[18],"uncertain":[19,53,110,135],"scenarios,":[20,167],"has":[21],"been":[22],"widely":[23],"acknowledged":[24],"as":[25,145,175],"a":[26,80,113,140,146,215],"significant":[27],"obstacle":[28],"to":[29,86,98,122,148],"practical":[31],"application":[32],"Automated":[34],"Driving":[35],"Systems":[36],"(ADS).":[37],"Consequently,":[38],"assessing":[39],"SOTIF":[40,71,151],"for":[42,218],"ADS":[43,50,105,125,195],"is":[44,173],"critical.":[45],"However,":[46],"complexity":[48],"operations":[51],"environments,":[54],"involve":[56],"numerous":[57],"potential":[58],"combinations":[59],"diverse":[61,194],"environmental":[62],"factors,":[63],"together":[64],"with":[65,109],"their":[66,107],"continuous":[67,158],"real-time":[68,102],"behavior,":[69],"makes":[70],"assessment":[72],"particularly":[73],"challenging.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76,88],"paper,":[77],"we":[78,91,116,138],"introduce":[79],"System-Theoretic":[81],"Process":[82],"Analysis":[83],"(STPA)-guided":[84],"approach":[85,172],"address":[87],"problem.":[89],"Specifically,":[90],"extend":[92],"AADL":[93,96],"into":[94],"Environmental":[95],"(EnvAADL)":[97],"effectively":[99],"model":[100],"behavior":[103],"interactions":[108],"environments.":[111],"Using":[112],"knowledge":[114],"graph,":[115],"extract":[117],"hybrid":[118,163],"automata":[119,164],"from":[120],"EnvAADL":[121],"formally":[123],"represent":[124],"generate":[128],"comprehensive":[129],"specifications":[130],"describing":[131],"unsafe":[132],"actions":[133],"scenarios.":[136],"Furthermore,":[137],"propose":[139],"metric":[141],"based":[142],"falsification":[144],"reference":[147],"quantitatively":[149],"assess":[150],"risks.":[152],"This":[153],"method":[154],"efficiently":[155],"explores":[156],"state":[159],"space":[160],"ADS\u2019s":[162],"under":[165],"specific":[166],"conditions.":[170],"Our":[171],"implemented":[174],"an":[176],"automated":[177],"end-to-end":[178],"tool":[179,217],"namely":[180],"SOTIFA,":[181],"integrates":[183],"modeling,":[184],"analysis,":[185],"risk":[187],"assessment.":[188],"Extensive":[189],"experiments,":[190],"including":[191],"evaluations":[192],"driving":[196],"sensitivity":[199],"analyses":[200],"sample":[202],"size,":[203],"confirm":[204],"reasonableness,":[206],"applicability,":[207],"efficiency":[209],"our":[211],"technique,":[212],"making":[213],"SOTIFA":[214],"valuable":[216],"safe":[219],"deployment.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-28T00:00:00"}
