{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415444095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3624197","title":"LiDAR 2.0: Hierarchical Curvy Waveguide Detailed Routing for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits","display_name":"LiDAR 2.0: Hierarchical Curvy Waveguide Detailed Routing for Large-Scale Photonic Integrated Circuits","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415444095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3624197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3624197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3624197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112632704","display_name":"Zhou Hongjian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjian Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6164-1607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100642435","display_name":"Haoyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-0061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Austin, TX, USA","NVIDIA, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-0061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021378107","display_name":"Ziang Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5308-1100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5308-1100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093925841","display_name":"Nicholas Gangi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Gangi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","Department of Electrical, Computer, and System Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and System Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103556228","display_name":"Zhaoran Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-903X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoran Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","Department of Electrical, Computer, and System Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0667-903X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and System Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029928585","display_name":"Haoxing Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-3860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoxing Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA, Austin, TX, USA","NVIDIA, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060270210","display_name":"J. Matres","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093892","display_name":"SmartFactory (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k5ek978","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093892"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquin Matres","raw_affiliation_strings":["GDSFactory, Los Altos, CA, USA","GDSFactory, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GDSFactory, Los Altos, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093892"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GDSFactory, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090386129","display_name":"Jiaqi Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74652828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"6","first_page":"2664","last_page":"2678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.8357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.7947999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6625000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonic-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Photonic integrated circuit","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photonics","display_name":"Photonics","score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveguide","display_name":"Waveguide","score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-routing","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","score":0.4120999872684479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.8357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.7947999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6625000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22799297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523846","display_name":"Photonic integrated circuit","level":3,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188817802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13426855","display_name":"Physical design","level":3,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64260653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194864","display_name":"Electronic design automation","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127879752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3390760","display_name":"Place and route","level":3,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2765594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2624187","display_name":"Integrated circuit layout","level":3,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.25760000944137573}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3624197","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3624197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.17239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.17239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.17239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.17239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415444095.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415444095.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1],"innovations":[2],"in":[3,16,49,136],"photonic":[4,8],"computing":[5],"and":[6,14,44,63,72,82,130,139,160,171,178,184,190,213,222],"interconnects,":[7],"integrated":[9],"circuit":[10],"(PIC)":[11],"designs":[12],"advance":[13],"grow":[15],"complexity.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"manual":[19,41],"physical":[20,99],"design":[21,93],"processes":[22],"have":[23],"become":[24],"increasingly":[25],"cumbersome.":[26],"Available":[27],"PIC":[28,50,98,110,175],"layout":[29,45],"tools":[30,95],"are":[31,238],"mostly":[32],"schematic-driven,":[33],"which":[34,186],"has":[35],"not":[36],"alleviated":[37],"the":[38,88,107],"burden":[39],"of":[40],"waveguide":[42],"planning":[43,62],"drawing.":[46],"Previous":[47],"research":[48],"automated":[51,109],"routing":[52,135,149,161],"is":[53],"largely":[54],"adapted":[55],"from":[56],"electronic":[57],"design,":[58],"focusing":[59],"on":[60,219,233],"high-level":[61],"overlooking":[64],"photonic-specific":[65],"constraints":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68,150],"curvy":[69],"waveguides,":[70],"bending,":[71],"port":[73],"alignment.":[74],"As":[75],"a":[76,118,173],"result,":[77],"they":[78],"fail":[79],"to":[80,96,147,208],"scale":[81],"cannot":[83],"generate":[84],"DRV-free":[85,204],"layouts,":[86,205],"highlighting":[87],"need":[89],"for":[90,113,164],"dedicated":[91],"electronic-photonic":[92],"automation":[94],"streamline":[97],"design.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"work,":[103],"we":[104,142],"present":[105],"LiDAR,":[106],"first":[108],"detailed":[111],"router":[112,146],"large-scale":[114],"designs.":[115],"It":[116,153],"features":[117],"grid-based,":[119],"curvy-aware":[120],"A*":[121],"engine":[122],"with":[123,227],"adaptive":[124],"crossing":[125,157,192],"insertion,":[126],"congestion-aware":[127],"net":[128],"ordering,":[129],"insertion-loss":[131],"optimization.":[132],"To":[133],"enable":[134],"more":[137],"compact":[138,234],"complex":[140],"designs,":[141],"further":[143],"extend":[144],"our":[145],"hierarchical":[148,188],"LiDAR":[151,200,231],"2.0.":[152],"introduces":[154],"redundant-bend":[155],"elimination,":[156],"space":[158],"preservation,":[159],"order":[162],"refinement":[163],"improved":[165],"conflict":[166],"resilience.":[167],"We":[168],"also":[169],"develop":[170],"open-source":[172],"YAML-based":[174],"intermediate":[176],"representation":[177],"diverse":[179],"benchmarks,":[180],"including":[181],"TeMPO,":[182],"GWOR,":[183],"Bennes,":[185],"feature":[187],"structures":[189],"high":[191],"densities.":[193],"Evaluations":[194],"across":[195],"various":[196],"benchmarks":[197],"show":[198],"that":[199],"2.0":[201],"produces":[202],"nearly":[203],"achieving":[206],"up":[207],"16%":[209],"lower":[210,224],"insertion":[211,225],"loss":[212,226],"7.69\u00d7":[214],"speedup":[215,229],"over":[216,230],"prior":[217],"methods":[218],"spacious":[220],"cases,":[221],"9%":[223],"6.95\u00d7":[228],"1.0":[232],"cases.":[235],"Our":[236],"codes":[237],"open-sourced":[239],"at":[240],"link.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}
