{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412375626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3586891","title":"Shiro: Efficient and Accurate In-Storage Data Lifetime Separation for nand Flash SSDs","display_name":"Shiro: Efficient and Accurate In-Storage Data Lifetime Separation for nand Flash SSDs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412375626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3586891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3586891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3586891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102011440","display_name":"Penghao Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Penghao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-0043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004661235","display_name":"Shengan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-760X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["MoE Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-760X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MoE Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MoE Key Lab of Artificial Intelligence, AI Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020200830","display_name":"Litong You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Litong You","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100310541","display_name":"Wanru Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanru Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041202999","display_name":"Ruoyan Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoyan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4817-7032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","Alibaba Cloud, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4817-7032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101292568","display_name":"Feng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1119-3422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","Alibaba Cloud, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1119-3422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404345","display_name":"Shu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6739-4573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","Alibaba Cloud, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6739-4573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059624019","display_name":"Linpeng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-7962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linpeng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-7962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102011440"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17725897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"1028","last_page":"1041"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9075000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.761715292930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.6454654335975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6134509444236755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4605599343776703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4141167998313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16709110140800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.16364464163780212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0761447548866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.06734755635261536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.761715292930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.6454654335975647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6134509444236755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4605599343776703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4141167998313904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16709110140800476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.16364464163780212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0761447548866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.06734755635261536}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3586891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3586891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2115428317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB4502902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2401169187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302290","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4308740167","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62332012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4770929322","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62227809","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544971428","https://openalex.org/W1608061514","https://openalex.org/W2108183412","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2605461040","https://openalex.org/W2614589094","https://openalex.org/W2759513358","https://openalex.org/W2765844783","https://openalex.org/W2946710172","https://openalex.org/W2949251802","https://openalex.org/W2978930067","https://openalex.org/W2982476564","https://openalex.org/W3011083606","https://openalex.org/W3018489311","https://openalex.org/W3022725364","https://openalex.org/W3081764054","https://openalex.org/W3107331223","https://openalex.org/W3119951918","https://openalex.org/W3155243801","https://openalex.org/W3171623846","https://openalex.org/W3205684738","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4239779739","https://openalex.org/W4251178606","https://openalex.org/W4281850905","https://openalex.org/W4283363061","https://openalex.org/W4293023476","https://openalex.org/W4366660876","https://openalex.org/W4386763331","https://openalex.org/W4386763961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2054139911","https://openalex.org/W2162027152","https://openalex.org/W2489439822","https://openalex.org/W4237143391","https://openalex.org/W2350469736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35],"log-structured":[1],"nature":[2],"of":[3,19,99,246,258],"NAND":[4],"flash":[5,52],"storage":[6,253],"necessitates":[7],"garbage":[8],"collection":[9,13],"in":[10,49,122,126],"SSDs.":[11],"Garbage":[12],"(GC)":[14],"is":[15,41],"a":[16,158,184,206,244],"major":[17],"source":[18],"runtime":[20],"write":[21],"amplification":[22],"(WA),":[23],"leading":[24,88],"to":[25,37,89,112,116,187,219,249,282],"faster":[26],"device":[27],"wear":[28],"out":[29],"and":[30,64,109,142,171,233,252,274],"interference":[31],"with":[32,271],"host":[33,86,135,144],"I/Os.":[34],"key":[36],"mitigating":[38],"this":[39],"problem":[40],"separating":[42],"data":[43,48,74,81,102,165,190,222,277,284],"by":[44,192,230],"lifetime":[45,61,82,191,194],"so":[46],"that":[47,146,162,212,264],"the":[50,85,100,105,114,127,134,138,227,239],"same":[51],"block":[53],"are":[54],"invalidated":[55],"within":[56],"temporal":[57],"proximity.":[58],"For":[59,179,201],"higher":[60,292],"prediction":[62,83,94,132],"accuracy":[63],"adaptibility,":[65],"prior":[66],"works":[67],"proposed":[68],"using":[69],"machine":[70,235],"learning":[71,193,236],"algorithms":[72],"for":[73,151,167,174],"separation.":[75],"However,":[76],"existing":[77],"learning-based":[78],"solutions":[79],"perform":[80],"at":[84,133],"side,":[87],"several":[90],"drawbacks.":[91],"First,":[92],"host-side":[93],"does":[95],"not":[96],"have":[97],"knowledge":[98],"internal":[101],"movement":[103],"inside":[104,238],"SSD":[106],"during":[107,287],"GC,":[108,288],"thus":[110],"fails":[111],"leverage":[113],"opportunity":[115],"further":[117,220],"separate":[118],"GC":[119,172,202],"writes,":[120,181,203],"resulting":[121],"suboptimal":[123],"WA":[124,177,218,269],"reduction":[125],"long":[128,197],"term.":[129],"Second,":[130],"performing":[131,231],"significantly":[136,291],"prolongs":[137],"I/O":[139,294],"critical":[140],"path":[141],"consumes":[143],"resources":[145],"could":[147],"otherwise":[148],"be":[149],"used":[150],"serving":[152],"user":[153,169,180],"applications.":[154],"We":[155],"present":[156],"Shiro,":[157],"holistic":[159],"FTL":[160,273],"design":[161],"performs":[163],"instorage":[164,276],"separation":[166,223,278],"both":[168],"writes":[170,173],"maximal":[175],"long-term":[176],"reduction.":[178],"Shiro":[182,204,259,265,289],"uses":[183],"sequence":[185],"model":[186],"accurately":[188],"predict":[189],"distribution":[195],"from":[196,216],"historical":[198],"access":[199],"patterns.":[200],"incorporates":[205],"reinforcement":[207],"learning-assisted":[208],"page":[209],"migration":[210,285],"strategy":[211],"takes":[213],"direct":[214],"feedback":[215],"longterm":[217],"improve":[221],"efficacy.":[224],"To":[225],"address":[226],"challenges":[228],"posed":[229],"fine-grained":[232],"real-time":[234],"decisions":[237],"resource-constrained":[240],"SSD,":[241],"we":[242],"propose":[243],"suite":[245],"enabling":[247],"techniques":[248],"keep":[250],"computation":[251],"overhead":[254,286],"low.":[255],"Extensive":[256],"evaluation":[257],"on":[260],"real-world":[261],"traces":[262],"shows":[263],"can":[266],"deliver":[267],"29":[268],"compared":[270],"conventional":[272],"state-of-the-art":[275],"schemes.":[279],"Furthermore,":[280],"thanks":[281],"lower":[283],"achieves":[290],"steady-state":[293],"performance.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}