{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411867198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3583947","title":"Chiplever: A Hardware\u2013Software Co-Design Framework Toward Extension of Chiplet System for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"Chiplever: A Hardware\u2013Software Co-Design Framework Toward Extension of Chiplet System for Fully Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411867198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3583947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3583947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3583947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100566801","display_name":"Yibo Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5672-676X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346965","display_name":"Ying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5172-4736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707463","display_name":"Mengdi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7012-2308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengdi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023380073","display_name":"Xiaowei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-814X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016864694","display_name":"Yinhe Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinhe Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CICS, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100566801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.0705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99748796,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"603","last_page":"616"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8615298867225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.7325867414474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6591384410858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5763787627220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5009007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46376892924308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2648220956325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18330219388008118}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8615298867225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.7325867414474487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6591384410858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5763787627220154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5009007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46376892924308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2648220956325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18330219388008118}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3583947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3583947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2648887263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62222411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4444615682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62025404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495884209","https://openalex.org/W2056492141","https://openalex.org/W2063280452","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2295939459","https://openalex.org/W2309997581","https://openalex.org/W2580537323","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2768505000","https://openalex.org/W2806017315","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2952928793","https://openalex.org/W3008874958","https://openalex.org/W3017228913","https://openalex.org/W3043608658","https://openalex.org/W3127843656","https://openalex.org/W3176410512","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4220862139","https://openalex.org/W4221089937","https://openalex.org/W4280650077","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4293024101","https://openalex.org/W4295872570","https://openalex.org/W4296209134","https://openalex.org/W4302734258","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4308090449","https://openalex.org/W4313546932","https://openalex.org/W4327911853","https://openalex.org/W4360831793","https://openalex.org/W4360831815","https://openalex.org/W4360831964","https://openalex.org/W4379115530","https://openalex.org/W4380082463","https://openalex.org/W4380881143","https://openalex.org/W4381326072","https://openalex.org/W4381326145","https://openalex.org/W4386328210","https://openalex.org/W4388857848","https://openalex.org/W4389166699","https://openalex.org/W4393140887","https://openalex.org/W4393406998","https://openalex.org/W4393592481","https://openalex.org/W4400315183","https://openalex.org/W4402349152","https://openalex.org/W4404057289","https://openalex.org/W4404133577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W4407007798"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"is":[4,56,79],"a":[5,81,98,108,112,121,144,205,214],"promising":[6],"privacy-preserving":[7],"technique":[8],"that":[9,110,196],"has":[10],"drawn":[11],"increasing":[12],"attention":[13],"from":[14],"academia":[15],"and":[16,40,96,177,203,226,235,244,262],"industry.":[17],"It":[18],"allows":[19],"computation":[20,207],"directly":[21],"on":[22,210,267],"encrypted":[23],"data":[24],"without":[25],"decryption.":[26],"However,":[27,85],"FHE":[28,46,65,78,83,118,136,149,156,162,221,250,255,280],"incurs":[29],"intensive":[30],"computations.":[31],"Chiplet-based":[32],"designs":[33],"integrate":[34],"multiple":[35],"processors,":[36,54],"delivering":[37],"high":[38],"performance":[39],"thereby":[41],"are":[42],"embraced":[43],"by":[44,200],"computation-intensive":[45],"tasks.":[47,137],"Despite":[48],"the":[49,94,128,133,165,173,184,189,220,224,231,237,275],"chiplet-based":[50],"system":[51,95,114],"with":[52,66,147,253],"various":[53],"it":[55,75],"designed":[57],"for":[58,135,155],"unencrypted":[59],"applications,":[60],"falling":[61],"short":[62],"in":[63,93,132,164],"handling":[64],"unique":[67],"ciphertext":[68,170,238],"manipulations.":[69],"One":[70],"common":[71],"approach":[72,87],"to":[73,115,126,193,229],"make":[74],"capable":[76],"of":[77,183,274,278],"developing":[80],"new":[82],"accelerator.":[84],"this":[86,103],"overlooks":[88],"existing":[89,129,178,201,227],"abundant":[90],"resources":[91,130],"already":[92,131],"introduces":[97,143],"large":[99],"area":[100,276],"overhead.":[101],"In":[102],"paper,":[104],"we":[105],"propose":[106],"Chiplever,":[107],"framework":[109],"empowers":[111],"non-FHE-tailored":[113],"efficiently":[116],"support":[117,154],"tasks":[119],"via":[120],"hardware":[122,145,243],"extension.":[123,185],"Chiplever":[124,142,159,187,212,247,257],"aims":[125],"leverage":[127],"room":[134],"To":[138],"achieve":[139],"this,":[140,211],"(1)":[141],"extension":[146,176,225],"an":[148,161],"unit":[150],"providing":[151],"efficient":[152,181,249],"function":[153],"operators.":[157],"(2)":[158],"proposes":[160],"coordinator":[163],"extension,":[166],"which":[167,218],"enables":[168],"direct":[169],"transfer":[171],"between":[172,233],"newly":[174],"introduced":[175],"chiplets,":[179],"achieving":[180],"integration":[182],"(3)":[186],"lowers":[188],"high-level":[190],"homomorphic":[191],"operations":[192],"primitive":[194],"operators":[195],"can":[197],"be":[198],"matched":[199],"chiplets":[202,228],"constructs":[204],"fine-grained":[206],"graph.":[208],"Based":[209],"employs":[213],"task":[215,222],"scheduling":[216],"algorithm,":[217],"partitions":[219],"across":[223],"exploit":[230],"parallelism":[232],"them":[234],"reduce":[236],"communication":[239],"overheads.":[240],"With":[241],"these":[242],"software":[245],"optimizations,":[246],"achieves":[248,258],"acceleration.":[251],"Compared":[252],"prior":[254],"ASICs,":[256],"9.6\u00d7":[259],"15.9\u00d7":[260],"speedup":[261],"6.2\u00d7":[263],"67.4\u00d7":[264],"throughput":[265],"improvement":[266],"TFHE,":[268],"while":[269],"consuming":[270],"only":[271],"18.8%":[272],"35.6%":[273],"overhead":[277],"dedicated":[279],"ASICs.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}