{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411446564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3581138","title":"FR <sup>2</sup> eRAM: A Fault-Resilient Graph Processing Paradigm in Realistic ReRAMs","display_name":"FR <sup>2</sup> eRAM: A Fault-Resilient Graph Processing Paradigm in Realistic ReRAMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411446564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3581138"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3581138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3581138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410938","display_name":"Xiaonan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-6080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaonan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033259177","display_name":"Hengshan Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-8385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengshan Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003089990","display_name":"Nan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6875-9943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029724655","display_name":"Zongdian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3502-7516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongdian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082360281","display_name":"Jiaguo Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaguo Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052025786","display_name":"Yu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-1102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083330935","display_name":"Meikang Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-0140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meikang Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","School of Computer and Cyber Science, Augusta University, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Science, Augusta University, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101467860","display_name":"Xiaohui Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-3625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134929","display_name":"Jilin Province Science and Technology Department","ror":"https://ror.org/049x38272","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134929","https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100410938"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4210134929"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07575318,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"1","first_page":"94","last_page":"107"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6354756355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4306439459323883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3260987401008606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6354756355285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4306439459323883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3260987401008606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3581138","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3581138","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3805929820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2023YFB4502304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6548014103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62302190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7666658921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62272190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1619770058","https://openalex.org/W1971319818","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2025761485","https://openalex.org/W2252608406","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2768104155","https://openalex.org/W2795127895","https://openalex.org/W2798502445","https://openalex.org/W2827033417","https://openalex.org/W2899749435","https://openalex.org/W2901504064","https://openalex.org/W2910318317","https://openalex.org/W2910602641","https://openalex.org/W2945211629","https://openalex.org/W2949674408","https://openalex.org/W2951116612","https://openalex.org/W2962903741","https://openalex.org/W2979340153","https://openalex.org/W2979643267","https://openalex.org/W3006150812","https://openalex.org/W3036662047","https://openalex.org/W3036934002","https://openalex.org/W3036942028","https://openalex.org/W3042418709","https://openalex.org/W3043072009","https://openalex.org/W3043715351","https://openalex.org/W3092585568","https://openalex.org/W3101271453","https://openalex.org/W3212633509","https://openalex.org/W3214561666","https://openalex.org/W3214603841","https://openalex.org/W4200417279","https://openalex.org/W4210819681","https://openalex.org/W4226024151","https://openalex.org/W4250541405","https://openalex.org/W4280509186","https://openalex.org/W4287849465","https://openalex.org/W4293025023","https://openalex.org/W4308479188","https://openalex.org/W4312121117","https://openalex.org/W4312191446","https://openalex.org/W4386764146","https://openalex.org/W4389162393","https://openalex.org/W4389722792","https://openalex.org/W4401568697","https://openalex.org/W4402403054","https://openalex.org/W4404006743"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,18,33,42,68,78,90,135,146,165,177,181,186,197,224,252],"explosive":[2],"growth":[3],"of":[4,36,49,70,80,168,207,256],"modern":[5],"graph":[6,9,72,92,137,157,169,173,208,247,262],"data,":[7,209],"ReRAM-based":[8,71,81,115,246],"processing":[10,158],"paradigms":[11,24],"are":[12],"emerging":[13],"as":[14,189],"promising":[15],"solutions":[16],"to":[17,41,57,99,140,172,180,222],"\u201cmemory":[19],"wall\u201d":[20],"bottleneck.":[21],"However,":[22],"existing":[23],"often":[25],"lean":[26],"on":[27,145,150],"overly":[28],"idealized":[29],"ReRAM":[30,201],"architectures,":[31],"overlooking":[32],"critical":[34],"influence":[35],"various":[37],"hardware":[38,53,132,260],"faults":[39,54,133],"due":[40],"analog":[43],"nature":[44],"and":[45,203,215,254,264],"immature":[46],"fabrication":[47],"processes":[48],"realistic":[50,161],"ReRAMs.":[51,162],"These":[52],"can":[55],"lead":[56],"convergence":[58],"anomalies":[59],"or":[60,86],"unacceptable":[61],"output":[62],"deviations":[63],"(i.e.,":[64],"Severe":[65],"Errors),":[66],"undermining":[67],"reliability":[69,79,205],"processing.":[73,117,248],"While":[74],"some":[75],"studies":[76],"enhance":[77],"computation":[82],"through":[83],"fault-aware":[84],"remapping":[85],"robust":[87],"algorithm":[88],"design,":[89],"unique":[91],"execution":[93,138,147],"characteristics":[94],"make":[95],"these":[96],"efforts":[97],"challenging":[98],"migrate":[100],"effectively.":[101],"In":[102],"this":[103],"work,":[104],"we":[105,152,175,210,250],"first":[106],"develop":[107],"ReGFI,":[108,151],"a":[109,155],"microarchitecture-level":[110],"Fault":[111],"Injection":[112],"framework":[113],"for":[114,191,227,244],"Graph":[116],"Unlike":[118],"traditional":[119],"fault":[120,166],"injection":[121],"methods":[122],"that":[123,234],"only":[124],"introduce":[125],"random":[126],"algorithm-level":[127],"faults,":[128],"ReGFI":[129],"precisely":[130],"maps":[131],"into":[134],"microarchitectural":[136],"flow":[139],"effectively":[141],"characterize":[142],"their":[143],"effects":[144],"correctness.":[148],"Based":[149],"propose":[153],"FReRAM,":[154],"Fault-Resilient":[156],"paradigm":[159],"in":[160,200],"Firstly,":[163],"observing":[164],"robustness":[167],"vertices":[170],"compared":[171],"edges,":[174],"reverse-map":[176],"vertex":[178],"values":[179,188],"non-ideal":[182],"crossbar":[183,213],"while":[184,240],"using":[185],"edge":[187],"inputs,":[190],"proactive":[192],"SE":[193,229,238],"avoidance.":[194],"Then,":[195],"leveraging":[196],"cell":[198],"idleness":[199],"crossbars":[202],"bit-wise":[204],"discrepancies":[206],"recycle":[211],"idle":[212],"cells":[214],"squeeze":[216],"out":[217],"approximable":[218],"Least":[219],"Significant":[220],"Bits":[221],"robust-encode":[223],"fault-sensitive":[225],"bits,":[226],"further":[228],"elimination.":[230],"Experimental":[231],"results":[232],"exhibit":[233],"FReRAM":[235,257],"achieves":[236],"88.84%":[237],"reduction":[239],"incurring":[241],"negligible":[242],"overhead":[243],"fault-resilient":[245],"Furthermore,":[249],"evaluate":[251],"effectiveness":[253],"performance":[255],"under":[258],"different":[259],"configurations,":[261],"datasets,":[263],"data":[265],"formats.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-08T20:05:33.558190","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}