{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408235561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3549355","title":"iCTS: Iterative and Hierarchical Clock Tree Synthesis With Skew-Latency-Load Tree","display_name":"iCTS: Iterative and Hierarchical Clock Tree Synthesis With Skew-Latency-Load Tree","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408235561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3549355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3549355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3549355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102546358","display_name":"Weiguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2916-0493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2916-0493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112599863","display_name":"Zhipeng Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1762-479X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Open Source Chip, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Open Source Chip, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051340429","display_name":"Bei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, SAR, Hong Kong","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, SAR, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413098","display_name":"Wenxing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-0024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-0024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326501","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-1526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-1526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005744531","display_name":"Zhixue He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-2247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixue He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8533-2247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012196564","display_name":"Xingquan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-9391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingquan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-9391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02798235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"10","first_page":"3948","last_page":"3961"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9340999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9239000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.7822836637496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6403505802154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5879939198493958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5693960189819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.45214611291885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39251989126205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2075391709804535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08773019909858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.05804505944252014}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.7822836637496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6403505802154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5879939198493958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5693960189819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.45214611291885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39251989126205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2075391709804535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08773019909858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.05804505944252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2025.3549355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2025.3549355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5963008701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024J09045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6320596113","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515010989","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7007863107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62174033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8216305697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164834710","https://openalex.org/W4232019485","https://openalex.org/W2028052815","https://openalex.org/W2128528443","https://openalex.org/W2011677428","https://openalex.org/W4327499872","https://openalex.org/W2123512677","https://openalex.org/W2163318442","https://openalex.org/W2116259070","https://openalex.org/W2066822161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,43,94,129,158],"modern":[3],"clock":[4,75,180],"tree":[5,76,88,97],"synthesis":[6],"(CTS)":[7],"encounters":[8],"a":[9,55,74],"bottleneck,":[10],"primarily":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,58,72,111,125,139,154,170],"the":[14,65,86,92,120,127,134,141,148,173,189],"difficulty":[15],"in":[16],"achieving":[17],"multiobjective":[18],"co-optimization":[19],"among":[20],"complex":[21],"design":[22,147],"processes.":[23],"To":[24],"concurrently":[25],"optimize":[26,64,113],"skew,":[27,83,177],"latency,":[28,79,178],"and":[29,36,47,50,63,82,98,102,132,179,185,194],"load":[30,80],"capacitance,":[31,81],"we":[32,53,84,103,118],"propose":[33,104,133],"an":[34,105],"iterative":[35,149],"hierarchical":[37],"CTS":[38,114],"framework,":[39],"which":[40,90],"is":[41],"composed":[42],"clustering,":[44],"topology":[45],"generation":[46],"routing,":[48],"buffering,":[49,117,145],"optimization.":[51],"First,":[52],"introduce":[54,85,119],"capacitance-based":[56],"metric":[57],"achieve":[59,155],"adaptive":[60],"balanced":[61],"clustering":[62],"cluster":[66],"results":[67],"through":[68],"simulated":[69],"annealing.":[70],"Second,":[71],"construct":[73],"with":[77],"lower":[78],"skew-latency-load":[87],"(SLLT),":[89],"combines":[91],"advantages":[93],"bound":[95],"skew":[96,150],"Steiner":[99],"shallow-light":[100],"tree,":[101],"effective":[106],"SLLT":[107],"construction":[108],"algorithm.":[109],"Third,":[110],"further":[112],"result":[115],"by":[116,182,191],"critical":[121],"wirelength":[122],"evaluation":[123,142],"(CWE)":[124],"evaluate":[126],"capability":[128],"each":[130],"buffer,":[131],"insertion":[135],"delay":[136],"estimation":[137],"(IDE)":[138],"reduce":[140],"bias":[143],"during":[144],"then":[146],"convergence":[151,157],"algorithm":[152],"(ISCA)":[153],"complete":[156],"skew.":[159],"We":[160],"validate":[161],"our":[162,171],"solution":[163],"using":[164],"28":[165],"nm":[166],"process":[167],"technology.":[168],"Compared":[169],"method,":[172],"commercial":[174],"tool":[175],"increases":[176],"capacitance":[181],"39.5%,":[183],"13.0%,":[184],"18.5%,":[186],"respectively,":[187],"while":[188],"OpenROAD":[190],"101.6%,":[192],"50.7%,":[193],"25.5%,":[195],"respectively.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}