{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403599222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3484354","title":"On-Device Training of Fully Quantized Deep Neural Networks on Cortex-M Microcontrollers","display_name":"On-Device Training of Fully Quantized Deep Neural Networks on Cortex-M Microcontrollers","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403599222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3484354"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3484354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3484354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048647473","display_name":"Mark Deutel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-5212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark Deutel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072039340","display_name":"Frank Hannig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3663-6484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Hannig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023277657","display_name":"Christopher Mutschler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-0230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Mutschler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany","Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076672029","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Teich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6285-5862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Teich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit&#x00E4;t Erlangen-N&#x00FC;rnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048647473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94049994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"4","first_page":"1250","last_page":"1261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9696000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9128999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.7907014489173889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6603989005088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5869851112365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5458363890647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cortex","display_name":"Cortex (anatomy)","score":0.48545271158218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.42451170086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3884986340999603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.338769793510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.29042279720306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09107589721679688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.7907014489173889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6603989005088806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5869851112365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5458363890647888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777348757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346577","display_name":"Cortex (anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.48545271158218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.42451170086860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3884986340999603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.338769793510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29042279720306396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09107589721679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3484354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3484354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/487123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/487123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12634471","https://openalex.org/W1682403713","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W2096680959","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2533598788","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2748818695","https://openalex.org/W2902986194","https://openalex.org/W2904860384","https://openalex.org/W2919311874","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3199421948","https://openalex.org/W4282960063","https://openalex.org/W4282974189","https://openalex.org/W4306178406","https://openalex.org/W4387609230","https://openalex.org/W4395483784","https://openalex.org/W6600609147","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6703652217","https://openalex.org/W6717768942","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6750665317","https://openalex.org/W6753069482","https://openalex.org/W6753770798","https://openalex.org/W6754807246","https://openalex.org/W6755682341","https://openalex.org/W6763749723","https://openalex.org/W6770166933","https://openalex.org/W6774676074","https://openalex.org/W6780827055","https://openalex.org/W6785440099","https://openalex.org/W6838538526","https://openalex.org/W6838539104","https://openalex.org/W6840474911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4316095964","https://openalex.org/W2383001583","https://openalex.org/W2771395446","https://openalex.org/W2131084560","https://openalex.org/W3112038843","https://openalex.org/W2088310429","https://openalex.org/W3094215878","https://openalex.org/W3209836052","https://openalex.org/W3091627987","https://openalex.org/W2147310439"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On-device":[0],"training":[1,29,41,65,83,95,122,153],"of":[2,39,84,106,163],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"networks":[5],"(DNNs)":[6],"allows":[7],"models":[8],"to":[9,14,47,137,165,168],"adapt":[10],"and":[11,37,56,74,97,112,115,127,146],"fine":[12],"tune":[13],"newly":[15],"collected":[16],"data":[17],"or":[18],"changing":[19],"domains":[20],"while":[21],"deployed":[22],"on":[23,43,89,109,129],"microcontroller":[24],"units":[25],"(MCUs).":[26],"However,":[27],"DNN":[28,40],"is":[30],"a":[31,78,148,161],"resource-intensive":[32],"task,":[33],"making":[34],"the":[35,90,104,119],"implementation":[36],"execution":[38],"algorithms":[42],"MCUs":[44,71],"challenging":[45],"due":[46],"low":[48],"processor":[49],"speeds,":[50],"constrained":[51],"throughput,":[52],"limited":[53],"floating-point":[54],"support,":[55],"memory":[57,124,145],"constraints.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"work,":[61,139],"we":[62],"explore":[63],"on-device":[64],"DNNs":[66,85],"for":[67],"different":[68],"sized":[69],"Cortex-M":[70],"(Cortex-M0+,":[72],"Cortex-M4,":[73],"Cortex-M7).":[75],"We":[76,102],"present":[77],"method":[79],"that":[80,135],"enables":[81],"efficient":[82],"completely":[86],"in":[87],"place":[88],"MCU":[91],"using":[92],"fully":[93,169],"quantized":[94],"(FQT)":[96],"dynamic":[98,156],"partial":[99,157],"gradient":[100,158],"updates.":[101],"demonstrate":[103],"feasibility":[105],"our":[107,140],"approach":[108,141],"multiple":[110],"vision":[111],"time-series":[113],"datasets":[114],"provide":[116],"insights":[117],"into":[118],"tradeoff":[120],"between":[121],"accuracy,":[123],"overhead,":[125],"energy,":[126],"latency":[128,151],"real":[130],"hardware.":[131],"The":[132],"results":[133],"show":[134],"compared":[136,167],"related":[138],"requires":[142],"34.8%":[143],"less":[144],"has":[147],"49.0%":[149],"lower":[150],"per":[152],"sample,":[154],"with":[155],"updates":[159],"allowing":[160],"speedup":[162],"up":[164],"8.7":[166],"updating":[170],"all":[171],"weights.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
