{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404101383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3449562","title":"Latent RAGE: Randomness Assessment Using Generative Entropy Models","display_name":"Latent RAGE: Randomness Assessment Using Generative Entropy Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404101383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3449562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3449562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3449562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067022774","display_name":"Kuheli Pratihar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4486-4903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kuheli Pratihar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4486-4903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049426113","display_name":"Rajat Subhra Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-163X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajat Subhra Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3588-163X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078971402","display_name":"Debdeep Mukhopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-8346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debdeep Mukhopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-8346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067022774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22593162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"11","first_page":"3503","last_page":"3514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.5425000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.5425000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7711529731750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.6736711263656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.45987409353256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.4570995569229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45335355401039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39218610525131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.355979323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29421180486679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17117398977279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1166786253452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.10253000259399414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7711529731750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6736711263656616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.45987409353256226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4570995569229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45335355401039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39218610525131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.355979323387146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29421180486679077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17117398977279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1166786253452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.10253000259399414}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3449562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3449562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3650839498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IND-492686","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308258","funder_display_name":"Qualcomm"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308258","display_name":"Qualcomm","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1976476866","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2008973833","https://openalex.org/W2010954373","https://openalex.org/W2120646029","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2269973067","https://openalex.org/W2320149602","https://openalex.org/W2346579331","https://openalex.org/W2467604901","https://openalex.org/W2532644805","https://openalex.org/W2934734216","https://openalex.org/W2948978827","https://openalex.org/W3006189318","https://openalex.org/W3013985180","https://openalex.org/W3034648032","https://openalex.org/W3161883688","https://openalex.org/W4311415873","https://openalex.org/W4312253714","https://openalex.org/W4318479575","https://openalex.org/W4390872297","https://openalex.org/W6720208624","https://openalex.org/W6739583241","https://openalex.org/W6774128760","https://openalex.org/W6774784415","https://openalex.org/W6780210855","https://openalex.org/W6839424873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045864300","https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W2781143540","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W3035605494","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W2951756867","https://openalex.org/W4395044357","https://openalex.org/W4299420056"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"NIST\u2019s":[0],"recent":[1],"review":[2],"of":[3,21,40,143,146,162,179,186,213],"the":[4,19,26,41,58,68,72,136,159,176,180,187,193,198,202,223,266],"widely":[5],"employed":[6],"special":[7],"publication":[8],"(SP)":[9],"800\u201322":[10],"randomness":[11,225],"testing":[12],"suite":[13],"has":[14],"underscored":[15],"several":[16],"shortcomings,":[17],"particularly":[18],"absence":[20],"entropy":[22,42,64,147,215],"source":[23,43,216],"modeling":[24,39,56,142],"and":[25,62,116,253],"necessity":[27],"for":[28,135],"large":[29],"sequence":[30],"lengths.":[31],"Motivated":[32],"by":[33,66],"this":[34,125,242],"revelation,":[35],"we":[36],"explore":[37],"low-dimensional":[38,55,100,141,214],"in":[44,71,106,226],"random":[45],"number":[46],"generators":[47],"(RNGs)":[48],"using":[49],"a":[50,99,103,129,168,210],"variational":[51],"autoencoder":[52],"(VAE).":[53],"This":[54],"enables":[57],"separation":[59],"between":[60],"strong":[61],"weak":[63],"sources":[65,204],"magnifying":[67],"deterministic":[69,91,230],"effects":[70],"latter,":[73],"which":[74,164],"are":[75,93,165],"otherwise":[76,233],"difficult":[77],"to":[78,96,108,127,154,167,265],"detect":[79],"with":[80,87,119,229,243],"conventional":[81],"testing.":[82],"Bits":[83],"from":[84,158,201],"weak-entropy":[85],"RNGs":[86,114,228],"bias,":[88],"correlation,":[89],"or":[90],"patterns":[92,231],"more":[94],"likely":[95],"lie":[97],"on":[98],"manifold":[101],"within":[102],"high-dimensional":[104],"space,":[105],"contrast":[107],"strong-entropy":[109],"RNGs,":[110,163,220],"such":[111],"as":[112],"true":[113],"(TRNGs)":[115],"pseudo-RNGs":[117],"(PRNGs)":[118],"uniformly":[120],"distributed":[121],"bits.":[122],"We":[123],"exploit":[124],"insight":[126],"employ":[128],"generative":[130,150],"AI-based":[131],"noninterference":[132,172],"test":[133,174,189,268],"(GeNI)":[134],"first":[137],"time,":[138],"achieving":[139],"implementation-agnostic":[140],"all":[144,235],"types":[145],"sources.":[148],"GeNI\u2019s":[149],"aspect":[151],"uses":[152],"VAEs":[153],"produce":[155],"synthetic":[156,181],"bitstreams":[157],"latent":[160],"representation":[161],"subjected":[166],"deep":[169],"learning":[170],"(DL)-based":[171],"(NI)":[173],"evaluating":[175],"masking":[177],"ability":[178],"bitstreams.":[182],"The":[183],"core":[184],"principle":[185],"NI":[188],"is":[190],"that":[191,232],"if":[192],"bitstream":[194],"exhibits":[195],"high-quality":[196],"randomness,":[197],"masked":[199],"data":[200],"two":[203],"should":[205],"be":[206],"indistinguishable.":[207],"GeNI":[208,240],"facilitates":[209],"comparative":[211],"analysis":[212],"representations":[217],"across":[218],"various":[219],"adeptly":[221],"identifying":[222],"artificial":[224],"specious":[227],"passes":[234],"NIST":[236,267],"SP800-22":[237],"tests.":[238],"Notably,":[239],"achieves":[241],"<inline-formula":[244,254],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[245,255],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[246,256],"<tex-math":[247,257],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10\\times":[248],"$":[249,259],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[250,260],"lower-sequence":[251],"lengths":[252],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$16.5\\times":[258],"faster":[261],"execution":[262],"time":[263],"compared":[264],"suite.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}